"Dad, are you ready?" At the beginning of June, a series of copywriting appeared in an advertisement of a medical beauty client to warm up the newly launched "Double Eyelid Festival". This advertisement, which blew up the elevator, also caused widespread controversy because of the encouragement to young medical beauty practitioners implied by the word "Dad".

　　According to the analysis of the 2018 medical beauty industry white paper released by a medical beauty service platform, among every 100 medical beauty consumers in China, there are 19 "post-00", and the momentum of starting medical beauty consumption after 00 is stronger than that after 90. In 2019, the proportion of medical and beauty consumers under the age of 19 in China has reached 15.48%.

　　There are indications that the plastic surgery population is gradually becoming younger. Then, why did "after 00" choose cosmetic surgery early? What is the significance of plastic surgery for them? Is it necessary to have plastic surgery at a young age? Qianjiang evening news reporter conducted an investigation on this.

　　In plastic surgery, minors often appear accompanied by their parents.

　　Engaged in plastic surgery for four years, every winter and summer vacation, Liu Jun, a plastic surgeon in a 3A hospital in Hangzhou, will witness the peak of student gathering. "Almost every month, 60 or 70 students come for cosmetic surgery, accounting for 30%~40%."

　　"Most of them are high school graduates. Because they are about to enter the university, they hope to meet a new life and a new social circle with a better self." In recent years, the demand for medical beauty of high school graduates has been increasing year by year. Liu Jun understands their mentality, but from time to time he will meet several young medical beauticians who are at a loss.

　　"Campus Beauty" Trouble: Am I not very pretty?

　　The girl opposite talked about her various facial defects without thinking. But Liu Jun clearly saw that her face was white and beautiful, her skin was transparent and full, and her facial features were correct. He silently scored 95 points for the girl’s face value.

　　The girl’s name is Fangfang, 15 years old, and she is in Grade Three. She looks in the mirror frequently every day, makes "ugly" comments on herself distorted in her mind countless times, and consults medical beauty everywhere at any cost.

　　Finally, one summer, Fangfang, accompanied by her mother, sat in front of Liu Jun.

　　Liu Jun clearly saw that the girl’s eyes revealed a desire for change — — "My palate is leaning forward. Can I push it back?"

　　After entering the door, Fangfang’s mother just stood by without saying a word, smiling helplessly at Liu Jun.

　　"You are beautiful, there is no need to fix it." Liu Jun interrupted Fangfang’s words and directly denied her biased cognition of herself.

　　"You see, that’s what doctors say." At this time, the mother on the side spoke the first sentence, "I have been persuading for a long time before, but my daughter just doesn’t believe it."

　　In fact, because of her outstanding appearance, Fangfang, the "school flower", has always attracted much attention. But since entering junior high school, I heard someone say that another girl in other classes is more beautiful than herself. Fangfang has been dissatisfied with her appearance since then and started all kinds of strange behaviors.

　　"She is very demanding about her appearance and will constantly exaggerate her shortcomings. It is likely that there is a problem at the psychological level." After rejecting Fangfang’s plastic surgery idea, Liu Jun also made suggestions to the girl’s mother — — Pay attention to children’s psychological state.

　　A boy who visits the plastic surgery department once every three months

　　In the plastic surgery department where Liu Jun is located, Kobayashi, a boy under the age of 20, is also a frequent visitor. "Almost every quarter, he will come once, and the needs are different every time. In addition to me, many doctors also took care of him. "

　　Kobayashi is well-behaved, but he has been particularly concerned about his appearance since high school, and he can constantly find new defects. When he was still in high school, Kobayashi had a mandibular osteotomy in another hospital.

　　"Because of grinding, he has produced new dissatisfaction. Come to me for consultation six months after the operation. " Liu Jun said, "The boy’s mother also took great pains to greet me in advance alone, hoping that I would persuade her son."

　　Liu Jun successfully persuaded Xiaolin to go home, but half a year later, Xiaolin’s mother found the door again. "My son has been good for a while, but now he is entangled again."

　　Although Liu Jun repeatedly persuaded him not to have plastic surgery, Kobayashi always insisted on changing it, but he couldn’t tell the purpose and reason. "Because he paid too much attention to his appearance, he couldn’t concentrate on his studies. He only read until he graduated from high school." Liu Jun guessed that he might be psychologically hit by reasons such as lovelorn love. The best solution is not to find a plastic surgeon like Liu Jun..

　　"Go to the mental health department." In the face of young medical beauticians, Liu Jun often makes such suggestions.

　　Continue to write your own aesthetic mother on your children’s faces.

　　For cosmetic surgery, sometimes the young "post-00" will disagree with their families. "Some children really want to do it, and parents feel that it is unnecessary; There are also some children who have not yet formed aesthetics, but parents impose their own ideas on their children. "

　　"The child is still young, why do you want to cut her double eyelids?" Engaged in medical beauty for 28 years, Zhang Jufang, director of the medical beauty department of Hangzhou First People’s Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang University, met such a small patient for the first time — — Xiao Min, a 13-year-old junior high school girl.

　　"I think her eyes are not good-looking, and girls should have a pair of beautiful big eyes." Xiao Min’s mother said.

　　Zhang Jufang looked at Mandy sitting next to her. She listened to the conversation between adults with a puzzled expression on her face. Xiaomin knows nothing about plastic surgery. She only knows, "Mom asked me to do it, and I will do it."

　　After hearing Xiaomin’s answer, Zhang Jufang refused the operation. "The child didn’t ask for it herself. This operation is meaningless to her. Parents can’t make decisions for their children with their own aesthetics. " She told Xiaomin’s mother that she should decide whether to make facial adjustment after Xiaomin became an adult and formed her own aesthetic view.

　　Liu Jun also met a similar mother and daughter.

　　"As soon as I entered the door, the girl’s mother eagerly told me that her daughter’s eyes were ugly and her nose was ugly … … It doesn’t look good anywhere. "

　　Liu Jun remembers that it was an ordinary-looking high school girl who did have some defects, but the girl herself didn’t care about her appearance. "This mother’s mentality is a bit abnormal and she insists on plastic surgery for her children."

　　Plastic surgeons suggest:

　　Minors should not choose medical beauty.

　　Children’s psychology needs more attention.

　　"One of the most important tasks of plastic surgery clinics is to screen people and understand their plastic surgery purposes clearly." Liu Jun said with emotion, "Some children, we look normal, but they may be distorted in his eyes. In fact, this is a mental disorder and a kind of psychological paranoia. Plastic surgery can’t cure their mental illness. "

　　For young medical beauticians, double eyelid cutting and rhinoplasty are the most popular cosmetic items. According to the data released by a medical beauty service platform, "post-00" has quickly taken over from "post-90" and become a big consumer of medical beauty in double eyelid surgery.

　　Zhang Jufang also disagreed with the "66 Double Eyelid Festival" launched for the medical beauty service platform. "This is a marketing tool that sells double eyelids as products." Zhang Jufang said that double eyelids are an operation, not an assembly line product, and cannot be mass-produced. "It is not advisable to set a double eyelid festival, carry out large-scale promotion and encourage everyone to do double eyelids."

　　"Choosing medical beauty for younger people, from a clinical point of view, we are mainly based on two considerations." Zhang Jufang said, "Some children have congenital defects, such as cleft lip and palate. Performing cosmetic surgery for children can help him build confidence from an early age; Others are to make up for children’s psychological trauma and eliminate inferiority complex. For example, some girls have black hair moles on their faces and are teased by classmates. "

　　For young medical beauty practitioners, Liu Jun suggested, "We should wait until adulthood and establish a mature aesthetic view before considering this matter."

　　Zhang Jufang also believes that "minors should not choose medical beauty, and parents can’t ask their children for plastic surgery for their own needs. College students need to establish correct values and aesthetics, and they can pursue beauty, but not blindly. If you really want plastic surgery, you should also go to a regular hospital or medical beauty institution to communicate directly with doctors and listen to professional advice. "

　　(Except for Zhang Jufang, the characters in the text are all pseudonyms.)

　　　　　　　　 Qianjiang evening news reporter Rong Zhang Chen Xi

　　CCTV News:Gao Fenglin, male, born in March 1962, Han nationality, party member of the Communist Party of China, is a special fusion welder and senior technician of Capital Aerospace Machinery Co., Ltd., the First Research Institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation.

　　Gao Fenglin has participated in a series of major aerospace projects, and the welded rocket engines account for nearly 40% of the total number of rocket engines. It has overcome the technical problems of Long March 5, and made outstanding contributions to the smooth implementation of national key projects such as Beidou navigation, Chang ‘e lunar exploration, manned space flight and the development of the new generation launch vehicle of Long March 5.

　　Honors won: second prize of national scientific and technological progress, national model worker, national May 1st Labor Medal, national moral model and most beautiful worker.

　　Gao Fenglin, male, born in 1962, Han nationality, party member of the Communist Party of China, is a special fusion welder and senior technician of Capital Aerospace Machinery Co., Ltd., the First Research Institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation. In his hands, the welding torch is a needle, and the arc light is a line. He pursues the welding light and welds a sky on the "golden thread" of the rocket engine. He is the special fusion welder of Capital Aerospace Machinery Co., Ltd., the First Research Institute of China Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, the team leader of the rocket engine welding workshop, and the national senior technician — — Gao Fenglin.

　　It is said that Gao Fenglin is a "golden hand welding", not only because early people called the welder trained by argon gas, which is more expensive than gold, "golden hand"; It is also because the object he is welding is very expensive, and it is an engine known as the "heart" of the rocket; But also because he has reached a height that ordinary people can’t reach in the field of rocket engine welding. "Golden Hand and Sky Welding" is a portrayal of Gao Fenglin’s superb skills and repeated difficulties in welding technology, and it is also the embodiment of the elegant demeanor of high-skilled aerospace workers in the new era.

　　First, I am determined to serve the country and practice welding skills in the aerospace industry.

　　Gao Fenglin, who just stepped out of school, entered the argon arc welding group of the rocket engine welding workshop with abundant talents, and studied skills with the first generation of argon arc welders in China. In order to practice basic skills, he used to use chopsticks to gesture welding and wire feeding when eating, used to hold a jar full of water to practice stability when drinking water, held an iron block to practice endurance when resting, and even braved the high temperature to observe the flow law of molten iron. Gradually, Gao Fenglin’s accumulated energy generate came out.

　　In the 1990s, the welding of the large nozzle of a new type of high thrust hydrogen-oxygen engine designed for China’s main rocket Changsanjia series launch vehicles once became a bottleneck in development. The length of all welds is nearly 900 meters, and the pipe wall is thinner than a piece of paper. If the welding torch stays for 0.1 second, the pipe may burn through or leak. Once burn through and leak occur, not only the large nozzle will be scrapped, but also the development progress and launch date of the rocket will be affected. Through continuous exploration, Gao Fenglin and his colleagues overcame two major difficulties, namely burning through and welding leakage, with superb skills. However, the X-ray inspection of the first welded large nozzle shows that there are more than 200 cracks in the weld, and the large nozzle will be sentenced to death. Undaunted, Gao Fenglin made an analysis and investigation from the aspects of material performance and structural characteristics of large nozzle. In the end, at the high-level technical analysis meeting, he boldly said in the questioning voice of many technical experts that it was a fake crack! After the cutting test, it is shown that his judgment is correct under the microscope of 200 times. In this regard, the first large nozzle was successfully sent to the test bench, and the successful application of this new type of large thrust engine greatly improved the carrying capacity of our rocket.

　　With more and more urgent and difficult jobs, Gao Fenglin has shouldered more and more burdens. In the welding research of a certain type of ejector, he made bold improvements, which solved the unsolved problems in the past year and a half and ensured the delivery of products with an output value of nearly 100 million. The launch system of a national submarine-based key model is in trouble near the critical moment of launch. Under the direct instruction of the model chief engineer, Gao Fenglin studied and adopted special techniques, and eliminated the fault overnight, thus ensuring the launch of this product as scheduled.

　　Second, the courage to innovate, self-breakthrough achievement expert workers

　　Gao Fenglin dared to try in his work, persisted in innovation and breakthrough, and turned countless "impossible" into "possible". The qualified rate of a certain engine component is only 35%. It takes half a year for the model to produce a large number of qualified products. This product is processed by soldering, while Gao Fenglin’s major is fusion welding, which is a cross-disciplinary research. Gao Fenglin understood the mechanism from the theoretical level and grasped the key from the technical level. He ran to the library, browsed professional and technical websites, and tried his best to search for relevant information at home and abroad. Every day, Gao Fenglin led the team members to conduct experiments in an operation room of more than 20 square meters, and conducted hundreds of experiments in two months, clarifying the genetic mechanism of the two materials, and repeatedly improving them from the aspects of environment, temperature and operation control. The final processing technology made the qualified rate of the product reach 90%.

　　The continuous success did not make Gao Fenglin feel high. Instead, he felt the value of knowledge more and more, and thought that operators should arm their minds with wisdom to better guide the practical operation. After leaving school for 8 years, Gao Fenglin re-entered the campus, picked up his textbooks and began his hard spare-time study for 4 years. During the day, he shuttled to the work site, training ground and classroom, and at night, he studied with two thick stacks of books until 3 or 4 o’clock. Due to excessive tension and fatigue, his hair fell off in handfuls when he was less than 30 years old. Everything comes to him who waits. Gao Fenglin first achieved good results in practice and theory in the technical competition, and soon got a college diploma that he had been looking forward to for many years. After that, he completed his study from undergraduate to graduate.

　　Not only can you do it, but you can also write it to guide others to do it. Gao Fenglin has been asking herself this way. In the butt welding of engine nozzle, which is very difficult to operate, Gao Fenglin studied the characteristics of the product and applied what he learned flexibly, and put forward the "anti-deformation compensation method" to control the deformation. Later, this process won the second prize of national scientific and technological progress; He also edited the first model engine welding technical operation manual and other industry specifications, and was appointed to participate in the formulation of relevant aerospace standards for many times. Through the process of self-study, practice, summary and re-practice, Gao Fenglin has gradually become an authoritative welding expert in China and an expert worker who combines profound theory with exquisite skills in everyone’s eyes.

　　In 2006, the antimatter detector project involving 16 countries and regions in the world was in trouble because of the manufacturing problem of low temperature superconducting magnets. The proposals put forward by two groups of international and domestic technical experts failed to pass the review of the international alliance led by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). At a loss, Professor Ding Zhaozhong, a Nobel Prize winner, inquired about Gao Fenglin and asked him to help. Gao Fenglin went to the site to conduct basic research and textual research. He pointed out: according to the traditional control method, the previous two schemes are impeccable, but there are great hidden dangers for this special structure. He stated his design scheme, which was finally recognized by NASA and the League of Nations. An expert commented on Gao Fenglin: "You have both profound theory and rich practical experience. You look at the problem from two dimensions. It seems that highly skilled talents are of great use!"

　　Third, be willing to give, and work hard to witness the ordinary greatness.

　　The particularity and risk of aerospace products determine that many problems must be solved under very difficult and dangerous conditions. Gao Fenglin is willing to devote himself to the front line of welding, working hard, facing up to difficulties at the most needed moment, and has made extraordinary achievements in his "ordinary" post.

　　In order to meet the launch of large-capacity and large-tonnage satellites, China has built the largest full-arrow vibration test tower in Asia, in which the welding of the vibration girder is the key, which belongs to the first-class weld, and the material used to make the vibration girder is very special and the welding is very difficult. In order to meet the welding requirements of vibrating girder, Gao Fenglin should operate continuously at high temperature. The surface temperature of the weldment reached several hundred degrees, and Gao Fenglin’s hands were baked dry, and a series of blisters were bulging. In order to finish the task on time and with good quality, he gritted his teeth and finally welded a qualified vibration beam. During the later manned spaceflight project, the vibrating girder was upgraded and tested. The results show that the welding quality of the girder is good, and the bearing capacity can be increased from 360 tons to 420 tons, which can continue to serve for the development of launch vehicles in China. The vibrating girder has stood the test of time, and Gao Fenglin’s hands are still scarred by severe burns.

　　During the development and production of Long March 5, the engine suddenly leaked from the inner wall during the launch pad test. Standing on the test bench facing the product, behind him is a mountain stream of tens of meters, and Gao Fenglin is fearless in times of crisis. Because of the special environment, the fault point can’t be observed, and the operating space is very narrow, Gao Fenglin managed to finish the "emergency rescue" by using superb skills and special techniques under the condition that he could barely fit into one arm.

　　Gao Fenglin has been rooted in the front line of aerospace and engaged in the welding of rocket engines. He has overcome more than 200 difficulties in major research projects of aerospace product engine models. He has also actively contributed his talents to fill technical gaps in titanium alloy bicycles, large vacuum furnaces, ultra-thin large bellows and other fields, creating value for the national economy. Foreign-funded enterprises have been hired with high salary and housing, and he is unmoved; Many times can be promoted, Gao Fenglin also gave up. He always believed that his roots were in the welding post.

　　Fourth, willing to educate people, preaching and teaching paved the way for peaches and plums.

　　It is not spring to outshine others. Apart from being a master of skills, Gao Fenglin also has a significant job, which is to continuously train more outstanding aerospace high-skilled talents like him.

　　In terms of technology inheritance, Gao Fenglin unreservedly passed on his accumulated rich experience to young people. He groped and summed up a set of methods for talent training and management. His advocacy of "mentoring by teachers" and "One Belt and One Belt" and his creation of "welding" education method have been widely recognized and applied in practice. It has cultivated five national technical experts and one central enterprise technical expert. He was invited by the Central Organization Department and Publicity Department of the Communist Party of China to have an exchange of "artisan spirit", participated in the "activities of artisans from big countries entering the campus" and "exhibition of innovative achievements of workers on both sides of the Taiwan Strait" of the All-China Federation of Trade Unions, and actively promoted the spirit of model workers, labor spirit and craftsman spirit.

　　In 2005, Gao Fenglin’s team was jointly named "Gao Fenglin Team" by China National Defense Posts and Telecommunications Union and Aerospace Science and Technology Corporation, becoming the first team named after a model worker in the First Aerospace Institute. As a demonstration base for team building, Gao Fenglin team has fully played a typical demonstration and radiation-driven role in producing models, achievements, talents and experiences. Teams and teams have teamed up with more than 30 teams inside and outside the space system to carry out various exchanges and cooperation. Through technical cooperation, more than 20 major scientific research topics such as aerospace engine welding and development have been solved. Received many training courses for national excellent team leaders of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security, as well as visits and exchanges from nearly 200 brother units such as China Commercial Aircraft, China Electric Power Branch and Shougang Group. Under the leadership of Gao Fenglin, the team has successively won many honorary titles such as "National Worker Pioneer", National Learning Excellent Team, National Safety Production Demonstration Team and Central State-owned Enterprise Learning Red Flag Team "Benchmark" with its impressive performance. In 2011, Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security awarded Team Gao Fenglin as a national skill master studio. In 2017, the All-China Federation of Trade Unions awarded Gao Fenglin Team as a national model model worker and craftsman talent innovation studio.

　　At the moment when the ambulance siren sounded, in addition to the patients and their families waiting anxiously, there were also emergency medical staff who were eager to get to the scene. In the face of patients seeking help, ambulance drivers play a vital role in fighting for rescue time. In recent days, drivers in the emergency department of Jinshui District General Hospital in Zhengzhou City have become "on fire". In order to shorten the visiting time, more than a dozen drivers spent nearly half a year in their spare time to draw a visiting map covering 1,056 residential buildings in 52 communities. A few days ago, Beijing Youth Daily reporter learned from Director Zhao of the emergency department of Jinshui District General Hospital in Zhengzhou that the use of the visiting map shortened the visiting time by 5 to 10 minutes, and it will be continuously updated and improved according to the construction of residential areas within the visiting scope in the future.

　　45 hand-painted maps bring together 1056 buildings.

　　Recently, the hand-painted map of the driver’s class in the emergency department of Jinshui District General Hospital in Zhengzhou City was "on fire", especially in the emergency circle in Zhengzhou City, the provincial capital, and many people consulted "learning from the scriptures".

　　A few days ago, the reporter of Beiqing Daily contacted Director Zhao, the emergency department of the hospital. According to him, this map of visits began to be planned very early.

　　At the beginning of 2016, after Jinshui District General Hospital moved to its current new location, there were many large-scale residential areas in the core visiting area of the emergency department, and the situation of the residential areas was also complicated, many of which were special. "For example, there are 14 small courtyards irregularly distributed in a large-scale community, and each small courtyard is independent of each other and has different access controls." Director Zhao said that it is sometimes difficult for medical staff who often receive patients to find the building where the patients are located during the day, and it is even more difficult to find the road at night. "Later, we thought, can we mark the roads in each community for the convenience of all drivers?" Later, more and more communities needed to be marked, and everyone simply collected the details of more than 50 communities.

　　Shi Shuai, the driver of the emergency department, once studied painting. He was mainly responsible for sketching in the process of making the map of home visits, and the rest of the drivers were responsible for on-site exploration of the roads and entrances of the community and marking them in detail on the map.

　　It starts from Lianhuo Expressway in the north, the North Third Ring Road in the south, Jinbei Road in the west and Wenhua Road in the east. In the core visiting area of Jinshui District General Hospital in Zhengzhou City, the masters of the driver class spent half a year familiarizing themselves with the specific conditions of more than 50 residential areas, and then they were drawn on 45 hand-drawn residential area plans by Shi Shuai, the driver and first aid worker.

　　The average consultation time is shortened by 5 to 10 minutes.

　　"The traffic conditions of roads in the community, including traffic lanes and pedestrian walkways, as well as the traffic conditions of each door in the community, especially those with fire doors and fire exits, are often the most convenient first-aid passages." Shi Shuai said that in addition to marking the location number of each building in the community, it is also necessary to clearly mark the orientation position of each unit. "Especially in the case of poor sight at night, it is convenient for medical staff to quickly find the patient’s home."

　　The reporter of Beiqing Daily noticed that the contact information of the property was still left on the floor plan of many communities. Shi Shuai explained that in some high-end residential areas, it is difficult for ambulances to enter because of the separation of people and vehicles and the low underground garage door. "Everyone wrote down the switchboard of the property according to their experience. Once you receive the mission of visiting critically ill patients in the community, call the property switchboard at the first time, ask the security guard to open the ground fire door in advance, and lead the ambulance to the corresponding building to treat the patients in the most timely manner. "

　　The drawing of the home visit map directly shortens the time of receiving treatment in the emergency department. What impressed Shi Shuai was that at the end of 2017, he and his colleagues had just finished drawing the area of nearby Provence Community, and the emergency department received a call for help. Ms. Liu of Provence VI had a heart attack, and after calling 120 for help, the medical visiting team quickly determined the location according to the "visiting map". With the cooperation of the property personnel, Ms. Liu was quickly found and sent to the hospital, and finally Ms. Liu was successfully rescued.

　　"Now the 45 maps we have drawn basically cover all the reception areas of the hospital. Once we receive a phone call to confirm the location, we will find the corresponding location on the map and soon find the best way to get through. The reception time is shortened by 5 to 10 minutes on average." Shi Shuai introduced.

　　The map specially marks the location of special people.

　　In addition, Shi Shuai said that he and his colleagues also specially marked the location of special people in the community on the map. "For example, there are many elderly residents in some communities. The buildings No.19 and No.20 in a certain community are low-rent houses, and all of them live in low-income households, even the disabled and widowed elderly. In response to their help, our doctors, nurses and drivers must try their best to give special care. "

　　Master Xia worked in the emergency department of Jinshui District General Hospital for many years. Once he received a 120 call for help, he learned that an old man in his 90 s suddenly became incontinent, and his son in his 70 s took care of the old man. Because the elevator is too small, it can only be carried by people. "Master Xia picked up the old man without saying anything and sent him to the ambulance." Shi Shuai said that no matter which driver in the driver’s class encounters such a situation, he will fight for more rescue time for the patient like Master Xia.

　　Talking about the original intention of hand-painted maps, Shi Shuai said that in fact, the original intention of hand-painted maps is to compress time against time and get patients treated as soon as possible. "As long as you work in the emergency department for one day, everyone can feel that time is life."

　　"After our hand-drawn map is made, the driver class will have one copy, which greatly improves the efficiency of home visits." Director Zhao said that because of the rapid construction of Zhengzhou North District, this hand-drawn map will be further improved with the surrounding environment and the construction of residential areas.

　　Text/reporter Zhang Xiangmei

　　Xinhuanet Beijing, October 23 rd (Xinhua News Agency "Xinhua Viewpoint" reporters Zhou Tingyu, Zhang Jingyang, Zou Shengwen) People eat for the sky. Sanlu brand infant milk powder incident shocked the world, and also made the draft food safety law in the third trial in the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) more concerned. People are saddened by the "Sanlu incident" and can’t help but ask: What can we use to ensure our most basic need-food safety? Can food safety legislation prevent the "Sanlu incident" from happening again?

　　Liu Xirong, vice chairman of the Law Committee of the National People’s Congress, pointed out on the 23rd that in view of the Sanlu incident, the draft food safety law was revised in eight aspects, so as to prevent and deal with such major food safety accidents from the legal system.

　　Highlight the whole process of supervision and emphasize the responsibilities and communication and cooperation of local governments and departments.

　　The investigation of "Sanlu incident" found that the problem milk powder was caused by the addition of melamine by criminals during the purchase of raw milk. However, after the incident, the "milk station" in the raw milk purchase process was not clearly regulated by which department, and the supervision of the source of milk powder production was a blank.

　　In some places, there are some problems in subsection supervision, such as lax division of labor, multiple law enforcement, unclear responsibilities, and "broken" supervision chain. Therefore, the third draft of the draft food safety law emphasizes the responsibilities of local governments and relevant departments and highlights "full supervision and management", that is, there can be no gaps from the source to the table.

　　The draft stipulates that the local people’s governments at or above the county level shall organize and coordinate the food safety supervision and management in their respective administrative areas, establish and improve the coordination mechanism for food safety supervision and management, and implement the whole process of food safety supervision and management.

　　The local people’s governments at or above the county level shall, in accordance with this Law and the provisions of the State Council, determine the food safety supervision and management responsibilities of the health administration, agricultural administration, quality supervision, industrial and commercial administration and food and drug supervision and management departments at the corresponding level. The relevant departments shall be responsible for the supervision and administration of food safety within their respective functions and duties.

　　At the same time, the draft also adds provisions that the above departments should strengthen communication and close cooperation, exercise their functions and powers according to law and assume responsibilities according to their respective division of responsibilities.

　　The person in charge of relevant departments in the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) said that during the second trial of the draft, Committee member the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) suggested that the supervision responsibilities of some local departments were unclear and the cooperation was insufficient, and the system of food safety supervision should be further clarified. After the "Sanlu incident", the whole society has higher requirements for establishing a supervision system that can truly ensure food safety and ensure public health.

　　"In order to truly realize effective supervision and prevent such serious food safety accidents from happening again, we should plug the loopholes in supervision from the legal system and establish a supervision system that is administrative according to law, coordinated and efficient, consistent with powers and responsibilities and clear in accountability." The person in charge said.

　　Control the spread of accidents as soon as possible and strengthen the monitoring and evaluation of food safety risks.

　　According to media reports, as early as March this year, consumers reported the quality problems of Sanlu brand infant milk powder to the relevant departments, but they did not pay enough attention to it. It was not until September that they began to deal with it as a problem. The failure of the early warning mechanism is one of the major problems exposed by the Sanlu incident.

　　Liu Xirong said that in order to facilitate the timely detection of potential safety hazards in food and take corresponding management measures to deal with them, the third draft of the Food Safety Law added provisions to strengthen food safety risk monitoring and assessment:

　　-the State Council agricultural administration, quality supervision, industrial and commercial administration and the State Food and Drug Administration and other relevant departments shall immediately notify the health administrative department of the State Council after learning the information about food safety risks. After verifying the information, the health administrative department of the State Council shall timely adjust the food safety risk monitoring plan.

　　—— If the health administrative department of the State Council City finds that there may be potential safety hazards in food through food safety risk monitoring or receiving reports, it shall immediately conduct inspection according to law and conduct food safety risk assessment.

　　Relevant persons pointed out that in food safety supervision, the risk monitoring and evaluation of food safety is a front-end system, which is a technical and basic system to prevent food safety accidents. This is also a relatively common system in the world.

　　This draft emphasizes in particular that, after learning the information of food safety risks, the health department should adjust the risk monitoring plan in time to monitor the signs of risks; At the same time, it emphasizes the seamless connection between risk monitoring, risk assessment and follow-up inspection system.

　　According to the requirements of the draft, once food hidden dangers are discovered, measures should be taken immediately, and they cannot be left unchecked. "If the early warning system can play an effective role, the food safety problem in Sanlu will not spread to such a serious extent and cause such a big loss." The person concerned said.

　　Strengthen the revision and use supervision of food additive standards

　　Melamine is a slightly toxic chemical raw material, not a food additive, but it has been added to dairy products by criminals. Inadequate monitoring of illegal use of additives and the addition of illegal substances is one of the important reasons leading to the Sanlu incident.

　　In order to prevent the irregular use and abuse of food additives and ensure the safety of food sources, the third draft of the Food Safety Law has made corresponding provisions on the production and operation, catalogue scope, use and label of food additives. Among them, two special provisions have been added:

　　-The administrative department of health of the State Council shall, according to the results of food safety risk assessment, revise the standards of varieties, scope of use and dosage of food additives in a timely manner, and only those that have been proved to be safe and reliable and technically necessary after risk assessment can be included in the permitted range of food additives.

　　-Food producers shall use food additives in accordance with the provisions of food safety standards on the varieties, application scope and dosage of food additives, and shall not use chemicals other than food additives or other substances harmful to human health in food production.

　　Relevant persons believe that the supervision of food additives is an important aspect of the revision of the draft food safety law. According to the new regulations, even harmless substances are not listed in the catalogue and are not allowed to be added to food.

　　Perfecting the food recall system and emphasizing the responsibility of the government in the recall

　　Since March this year, Sanlu Group has received some complaints from consumers suffering from urolithiasis, and the group has also carried out some investigations, but failed to take effective measures in time, which led to the expansion of the situation. It was not until September that Sanlu Group recalled some market products and sealed the products that had not yet left the warehouse.

　　According to the provisions of the second draft of the Food Safety Law, food recall is an independent behavior of enterprises, and enterprises should take the initiative to recall their own food when they find something wrong. When a sales operator finds a problem, he shall immediately notify the producer to recall it.

　　In this regard, some members of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) suggested that the implementation of the food recall system should not only rely on enterprises’ consciousness, but also emphasize the responsibility of the government. In the case that enterprises do not take the initiative to recall, the government should order enterprises to recall unqualified food.

　　To this end, on the basis of stipulating that enterprises should take the initiative to recall and deal with the problem products, the third draft of the draft has added the stipulation that enterprises should report the food recall and treatment to the quality supervision department at or above the county level.

　　The draft also emphasizes the responsibility of the government in the recall. The draft stipulates that if food producers and business operators fail to recall or stop operating foods that do not meet food safety standards in accordance with the provisions of this law, the quality supervision and industrial and commercial administrative departments at or above the county level may order them to recall or stop operating.

　　The draft also makes relevant provisions on the recall system in the chapter on the handling of food safety accidents, requiring the health administrative department at or above the county level to promptly investigate and deal with the relevant agricultural administration, quality supervision, industrial and commercial administration and food and drug supervision and management departments after receiving the report of food safety accidents, and order food producers and operators to recall, stop business and destroy the food and its raw materials that are confirmed to be contaminated according to regulations.

????Abolish the system of exemption from inspection and strengthen food inspection

????Sanlu group was once the largest milk powder producer in China, and Sanlu milk powder was once one of the assured products announced by the General Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine, and it was also a product exempt from inspection. But this "Sanlu incident" just shows that exemption from inspection is not equal to safety, and the failure of inspection means will bring serious consequences.

????Therefore, it is clearly stipulated in the third draft of the Food Safety Law that the food safety supervision and management department shall not exempt the food from inspection, and legalize the previous measures of abolishing the inspection exemption in the State Council.

????The draft also stipulates that quality supervision, industry and commerce administration and food and drug supervision and administration departments at or above the county level shall conduct regular or irregular sampling inspection of food.

????Relevant persons said that food inspection is an important part of food safety, and the regulatory authorities cannot give up their responsibilities. In the face of quality and safety, big and small brands should be treated equally, and the supervision of big brands should be even stricter, because the greater the influence of brand products, the more people will be affected.

????Food safety standards should be based on ensuring public health.

????It is understood that China’s current food safety standards include agricultural product quality and safety standards, food hygiene standards, food quality standards and some industry standards.

????In view of the phenomenon of non-uniform standards, some members of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) proposed that the draft food safety law should clearly define the basic principles for formulating food safety standards. To this end, the third draft of the draft stipulates that food safety standards should be formulated with the aim of ensuring public health, and the content should be scientific, reasonable, safe and reliable.

????According to the draft food safety law, the health administrative department of the State Council will be responsible for formulating and publishing uniform and mandatory food safety standards.

????Relevant persons pointed out that the above provisions can prevent the standards from fighting with each other on the one hand, and avoid some standards that have no effect on ensuring food safety on the other. According to reports, some existing regulations, such as steamed bread must be round and the diameter of Yuanxiao must be several centimeters, have no effect on food safety.

????Strengthen the supervision of small food workshops and vendors

????In this "Sanlu incident", some large dairy enterprises have developed rapidly in production scale, and their own milk sources are difficult to meet production, so they buy a large number of milk sources from farmers and retail investors, which makes the quality difficult to supervise.

????Not only in the dairy industry, but also in the whole food industry, a large number of scattered food workshops and vendors are the places with the most hidden dangers of food safety accidents.

????The draft food safety law has stipulated that the state shall implement a licensing system for food production and operation. However, food production enterprises above designated size account for about 25% of the total number of production enterprises in China, and small food workshops account for the majority, which cannot be extended by the licensing system. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen daily supervision and management to ensure food safety.

????Some members of the National People’s Congress Standing Committee (NPCSC) suggested that the draft food safety law should clarify that the government should strengthen supervision over small food workshops and vendors.

????Therefore, in the third draft of the Food Safety Law, the relevant provisions were revised as follows: small food production and processing workshops and food vendors engaged in food production and marketing activities should meet the food safety requirements stipulated in this Law that are appropriate to the scale and conditions of their production and marketing, and ensure that the food they produce and market is hygienic, non-toxic and harmless, and the relevant departments should strengthen supervision and management. The specific management measures shall be formulated by the standing committees of the people’s congresses of provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government in accordance with this Law.

??? Emphasize the reporting system and improve the handling mechanism of food safety accidents

????The reporting system has relatively perfect provisions in many laws, including the Emergency Response Law, and even stipulates how many hours the report must be carried out. However, the relevant parties in the "Sanlu incident" did not implement this system.

????In order to solve this problem, the third draft of the draft food safety law specifically reiterated the reporting system: units that have food safety accidents should be disposed of immediately to prevent the accidents from expanding. The accident unit and the unit receiving the patient for treatment shall report to the county health administrative department where the accident occurred in time.

????The draft also clearly pointed out that the food safety supervision department should immediately notify the health administrative department when it finds or receives a report of food safety accidents. In the event of a major food safety accident, the health administrative department shall report it step by step according to the regulations. No unit or individual may conceal, falsely report or delay reporting food safety accidents, and may not destroy relevant evidence.

????According to the provisions of the draft, the people’s governments at or above the county level should set up a food safety accident handling command organization and start an emergency plan; If food safety accidents involving more than two provinces are involved, the administrative department of health of the State Council shall organize an accident responsibility investigation.

????The draft food safety law clearly stipulates the accountability system. The draft stipulates that those who cause personal, property or other damage shall be liable for compensation according to law, and those who constitute a crime shall be investigated for criminal responsibility according to law.

Recently, the frequent news of sudden death has aroused everyone’s discussion.

Increasing work pressure and faster pace of life make sudden death a health anxiety for many people.

According to the 2020 National Health Insight Report, 53% people were worried about their sudden death. Among the young post-95 s and post-00 s, 7% and 9% people often even worry about their sudden death every day, and this group of people is only in their twenties this year.

But in fact, as long as you master the knowledge of cardiovascular metabolic disease prevention and make a risk assessment of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, you don’t have to worry too much about the risk of sudden death.

What is cardiovascular metabolic disease?

Cardiovascular metabolic diseases include hypertension, dyslipidemia, coronary heart disease, stroke, etc.The primary cause of death and disease burden of residents in China.

Smoking;

Drinking alcohol;

Unhealthy diet;

Sedentary.

These bad living habits are the main risk factors for the sharp rise of cardiovascular metabolic diseases.

Elevated blood pressure, abdominal obesity, abnormal glucose metabolism, elevated triglyceride (TG) and decreased high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), and at least three of these five indicators are abnormal, which can be called increased cardiovascular metabolic risk.

Remarks: Table 2 is taken from the Guidelines for Healthy Lifestyle Prevention of Cardiovascular Metabolic Diseases in China.

Healthy lifestyle

It is an important cornerstone for the prevention and management of cardiovascular metabolic diseases.

For people with increased metabolic risk, no matter whether they are treated with drugs or not, they need to adhere to a healthy lifestyle, including improving diet, controlling weight, quitting smoking and limiting alcohol, and increasing physical activity appropriately after fully evaluating safety.

If you have no abnormal indicators, but still care about your health, you might as well set yourself some small goals:

Go to bed early for ten minutes today;

Eat more vegetables tomorrow;

Challenge not to drink sweet drinks in January;

Stand up and move after working for half an hour;

Have a comprehensive physical examination once a year;

……

The tragedy of sudden death should not be repeated again and again. These small health goals are the first step to self-rescue.

Cardiovascular disease is also the main cause of death in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Relevant prevention and treatment guidelines in China suggest that once the diagnosis of NAFLD is confirmed, the metabolic disorder and cardiovascular risk of patients should be evaluated in time.

Writer: Zhang Wei Affiliated Hospital of Hangzhou Normal University

Editing and finishing of Cong Ling takes you to see famous doctors by the team

Some pictures come from the Internet.

Copyright belongs to the original author.

Please contact us if there is any violation or infringement.

　　Cctv news(Reporter wanglili): At 22 o’clock on the evening of October 3, the reporter learned from the Shanxi Taiyuan Epidemic Prevention and Control Office that at 12: 00 on October 12:00— At 12:00 on the 3rd, 2 local confirmed cases and 5 asymptomatic infected people were added in Taiyuan.

　　Now its activity trajectory is notified as follows:

　　Case 20

　　Female, living at No.98, North Campus of Taiyuan University of Technology, runs a fruit shop in north university of china, and is a close contact of Case 6. On September 30th, jiancaoping district centralized isolation medical observation. On October 1, the test result of nucleic acid was positive, and it was immediately transferred to the Fourth People’s Hospital of Taiyuan for isolation and treatment. After consultation by provincial and municipal experts, it was diagnosed as asymptomatic infection. The initial activity trajectory is as follows:

　　September 25th.

　　At around 7:00, we will purchase goods at Tunhui Fruit and Vegetable Trading Center and then return to north university of china Fruit Shop.

　　September 26th

　　At about 5:40, take a taxi to the Second Hospital of Shanda to accompany my mother;

　　Around 18:00, I didn’t go out after taking a taxi home.

　　September 27th.

　　Around 7:00, take a taxi to the Second Hospital of Shanda to accompany my mother;

　　Around 19:00, I didn’t go out after taking a taxi home.

　　September 28th.

　　At around 7:00, we will purchase goods at Tunhui Fruit and Vegetable Trading Center and then return to north university of china Fruit Shop.

　　September 29

　　At around 6:00, go to Tunhui Fruit and Vegetable Trading Center to purchase goods; At about 8:00, I went to Guangshe Small Food Wholesale Market to purchase goods, returned to north university of china Fruit Store at about 8:30, and returned home at 23:40. After receiving the community notice, I was isolated at home.

　　Case 21

　　Male, lives in Hexi Agricultural Products Market in Wanbailin District, and works in Hexi Agricultural Products Market. Static management was carried out on the evening of October 1, and the nucleic acid test result was positive on October 2, and then it was transported to the Fourth People’s Hospital of Taiyuan for isolation treatment. After consultation by provincial and municipal experts, it was diagnosed as asymptomatic infection. The initial activity trajectory is as follows:

　　September 25th.

　　Around 9:00, ride an electric car to jiancaoping district Rongxing Tianshun Community to supervise the workers to decorate the house;

　　At around 13:00, eat in the small restaurant at the north entrance of the community, and then return to Rongxing Tianshun Community;

　　Around 16:00, I rode an electric car back to Hexi agricultural and sideline products market and didn’t go out after that.

　　September 26th

　　I didn’t go out in Hexi agricultural and sideline products market all day.

　　September 27th.

　　Around 9:00, ride an electric car to the Tianshun Community in Rongxing to supervise the workers to decorate the house;

　　At about 11:00, I rode an electric car back to Hexi agricultural and sideline products market and didn’t go out after that.

　　September 28th.

　　I didn’t go out in Hexi agricultural and sideline products market all day.

　　September 29

　　At around 14:00, ride an electric car to Rongxing Tianshun Community to supervise the workers to decorate the house;

　　Around 18:00, I rode an electric car back to Hexi agricultural and sideline products market and didn’t go out after that.

　　September 30th.

　　At about 11:00, I bought food in the vegetable shop of Hexi agricultural and sideline products market, and then I returned to the shop and didn’t go out.

　　October 1st

　　Around 10:00, ride an electric car to the provincial cancer hospital to see the patient;

　　At about 11:00, I rode an electric car back to Hexi agricultural and sideline products market and didn’t go out after that.

　　Case 22

　　Male, returning (arriving) from outside the province. On September 30th, I took the Z166 train (6 carriages) from Lhasa, changed to the K672 train (14 carriages, No.10 upper berth) in Xi ‘an on October 1st, and changed to the D5342 train (6 carriages, 9F) in Houma on October 2nd, and arrived at Taiyuan South Station. Houma informed me that the nucleic acid test result was abnormal and it was positive in Taiyuan South Station. He was immediately transferred to the Fourth People’s Hospital of Taiyuan for isolation and treatment. After consultation by provincial and municipal experts, it was diagnosed as asymptomatic infection.

　　Case 23

　　Female, living in Xindian Community, jiancaoping district, is the wife of Case 11. September 27th & mdash; I stayed at home on the 30th and never left the community. On September 30th, jiancaoping district centralized isolation medical observation. On October 2, the nucleic acid test results were positive, and they were immediately transferred to the Fourth People’s Hospital of Taiyuan for isolation and treatment. After consultation by provincial and municipal experts, it was diagnosed as a confirmed case (light).

　　Case 24

　　Female, lives in Lanting Xiyuan Community, Jinyuan District, and runs her own shop in Hexi agricultural and sideline products market. On October 3, the nucleic acid test result was positive, and it was immediately transferred to the Fourth People’s Hospital of Taiyuan for isolation and treatment. After consultation by provincial and municipal experts, it was diagnosed as asymptomatic infection. The initial activity trajectory is as follows:

　　September 28th.

　　Activities in Hexi agricultural and sideline products market in Wanbailin District during the day;

　　At about 18:00, samples were taken at the nucleic acid detection point at the west gate of Hexi agricultural and sideline products market;

　　At around 19:00, go to Delicious Zhai Hotel and then return to Hexi Agricultural and Sideline Products Market Store.

　　September 29

　　Activities in Hexi agricultural and sideline products market during the day;

　　At about 17:30, I will pick up my grandson at the nursing point in the west of Lanting Yuhu City, Jinyuan District, and then return to the store of Hexi agricultural and sideline products market;

　　Around 20:00, go to Delicious Zhai Hotel;

　　At around 21:00, samples were taken at the nucleic acid detection point at the west gate of Hexi agricultural and sideline products market, and then returned to the store of Hexi agricultural and sideline products market.

　　September 30th.

　　Activities in Hexi agricultural and sideline products market during the day;

　　At about 20:00, samples were taken at the nucleic acid detection point at the west gate of Hexi agricultural and sideline products market;

　　At around 22:00, go to Liankezheng Clinic in Wanbailin District;

　　At around 22:30, arrive at Delicious Zhai Hotel, and then return to Hexi Agricultural and Sideline Products Market Store.

　　October 1st

　　At around 9:00, go to Delicious Zhai Hotel;

　　At around 13:00, return to the store of Hexi agricultural and sideline products market;

　　At about 19:00, samples were taken at the nucleic acid detection point at the west gate of Hexi agricultural and sideline products market, and then returned to the store of Hexi agricultural and sideline products market.

　　At about 19:50, pick up his grandson at Delicious Zhai Hotel, and then return to his home in Lanting Xiyuan Community, Jinyuan District.

　　October 2 nd

　　At about 10:00, I took my grandson to the nucleic acid detection point in Lanting Xiyuan Community and went to the vegetable shop in Unit 1 of Building 1 of the Community to buy food.

　　Around 16:00, go to the entrance of Building 1 in Lanting Xiyuan Community;

　　At around 19:00, after receiving a call from the epidemic prevention department, they were isolated at home.

　　Case 25

　　Male, living in Tianshun Community, Rongxing, jiancaoping district, a student of jiancaoping district Science and Technology Experimental Primary School, is the son of Case 12. On October 1st, jiancaoping district centralized isolation medical observation. On October 2, the nucleic acid test results were positive, and they were immediately transferred to the Fourth People’s Hospital of Taiyuan for isolation and treatment. After consultation by provincial and municipal experts, it was diagnosed as asymptomatic infection. The initial activity trajectory is as follows:

　　September 26th & mdash; 28th

　　At about 7:30, walk to jiancaoping district Science and Technology Experimental Primary School;

　　Around 11:50, walk home after school;

　　Around 14:40, walk to jiancaoping district Science and Technology Experimental Primary School;

　　Around 18:30, I walked home after school and didn’t go out after that.

　　September 29

　　At about 7:40, my mother rode an electric car to school;

　　Around 11:50; After school, my mother rides an electric car to take me home;

　　At about 14:40, my mother rode an electric car to school;

　　At about 18:30, my mother took it home by electric car after school and didn’t go out.

　　September 30th.

　　At about 8:30, samples were taken at the nucleic acid collection point in Tianshun Community of Rongxing;

　　At about 16:30, I went to school to get books with my mother, and then I returned home and didn’t go out.

　　October 1st

　　Around 14:00, medical observation was concentrated in isolation by the pointed lawn.

　　Case 26

　　Male, living in Xindian Village, jiancaoping district, tested positive for nucleic acid on October 3, and was immediately transferred to the Fourth People’s Hospital of Taiyuan for isolation treatment. After consultation by provincial and municipal experts, it was diagnosed as a confirmed case (light). The initial activity trajectory is as follows:

　　September 27th — On the 29th, it was mainly in Xindian Village.

　　On September 30, he attended the funeral of the villagers in the same village.

　　October 1st — I stayed at home on the 3rd.

　　Please report to the local community (village), unit, hotel or local epidemic prevention and control office immediately for those who have been to the relevant key areas and places during the above risk period, and actively cooperate with the implementation of various epidemic prevention and control measures such as isolation observation, health monitoring and nucleic acid detection.

　　Please consciously abide by the epidemic prevention and control regulations, gather less, gather less, have less dinners, do personal protection when going out, and keep a safe social distance. Once suspicious symptoms of COVID-19 appear, go to the nearest fever clinic or designated medical institutions for treatment and investigation. Those who do not truthfully report their personal trips, fail to implement epidemic prevention and control measures according to regulations, and cause the spread or risk of infectious diseases, resulting in serious consequences, will be investigated for legal responsibility according to law.

On the afternoon of June 24th, the College Admissions Committee of Jiangsu Province held a meeting, which reviewed and approved the provincial admission control score line for the first stage of college enrollment in our province in 2021. Subsequently, the Provincial Department of Education held a press conference to inform about the admission control scores of each batch of colleges and universities in our province in the first phase of enrollment this year and the voluntary reporting of the college entrance examination this year.

In the first stage, the provincial admission control scores mainly include special types of admission control lines for subjects such as history and physics, general undergraduate lines, sports undergraduate lines and art undergraduate lines. In order to facilitate the selection of talents in colleges and universities, and at the same time reduce the number of online candidates from the list as much as possible, comprehensive consideration is given to delineating the admission control scores of each batch of provinces.

Specifically, there are 533 points in special types of enrollment history, 501 points in physics and other subjects, 476 points in general undergraduate history and 417 points in physics and other subjects. Physical education undergraduate course history and other subject cultures 366 points/major 110 points, physical education undergraduate course physics and other subject cultures 313 points/major 110 points. Art undergraduate students take a unified examination of subject culture such as art history 335 points/major 170 points, art physics 313 points/major 170 points, music (vocal music, instrumental music) history 310 points/major 145 points, music (vocal music, instrumental music) physics 260 points/major 145 points, and choreographing history 380 points/major.

Approved by the Ministry of Education, some independent undergraduate art colleges (including a few colleges and universities that refer to the implementation of some art undergraduate majors) have their own admission control scores. The scores of provincial admission control for undergraduate examination majors in other colleges and universities are 260 points for history and other subject cultures/qualified majors, and 260 points for physics and other subject cultures/qualified majors. Among them, Obtain music performance, musicology, composition and composition technology theory, pop music, music therapy, radio and television director, fine arts, painting, sculpture, Chinese painting, experimental art, cross-media art, cultural relics protection and restoration, comics, art design, visual communication design, environmental design, product design, clothing and costume design, public art, arts and crafts, digital media art, art and technology, and so on. Candidates who have passed the school examination of packaging design and other majors must also take the corresponding provincial unified examination, and the score of the provincial unified examination of fine arts must reach 160 points, the score of the provincial unified examination of music must reach 120 points, and the score of the provincial unified examination of director must reach 130 points.

After learning the results of college entrance examination, academic level test, admission control scores of each batch, and the number of candidates by segment, candidates will voluntarily fill in online in two stages on the portal website of the Provincial Education Examinations Institute (www.jseea.cn) or a special website (gkzy.jseea.cn).

The first stage is to fill in the professional group volunteers of undergraduate colleges. Among them, the pre-filing is from June 27th to 28th, and the formal filing is from June 29th to July 2nd (the deadline is 17:00 on July 2nd). Including general undergraduate volunteers in advance (including military, public security, politics and law, navigation, local special programs, rural teacher programs, rural order-oriented medical students free training programs, other institutions, etc.), sports undergraduate volunteers in advance, art undergraduate volunteers in advance, and general undergraduate volunteers in advance. In addition, our province has also set up special types of enrollment volunteer columns such as special colleges and universities, comprehensive evaluation (B-type colleges and universities), high-level art troupes and high-level sports teams, for candidates with corresponding qualifications to fill in their volunteers.

In the second stage, fill in the volunteers of professional groups in colleges and universities in batches. Among them, it will be pre-filled from July 25th to 26th and officially filled from July 27th to 28th (the deadline is 17:00 on July 28th). Including general, sports, and art specialties.

After the admission of each batch of parallel volunteer (including traditional (sequential) arts volunteers) is completed, the Provincial Education Examinations Institute will promptly announce the number of professional groups, majors (classes) and plans of colleges and universities that have not completed the enrollment plan. Candidates who have not been admitted will fill in their own online forms for volunteering within the specified time. Please refer to the back of the candidate’s admission ticket for the specific time schedule.

Candidates are required to fill in the volunteers of parallel colleges (including traditional volunteers in art) and solicit volunteers from (parallel colleges) online with their examination number, ID number, password and dynamic password card within the specified time, and be responsible for the accuracy and safety of the information they fill in, without signing on site to confirm the volunteer information.

The Provincial Education Examinations Institute should remind the majority of candidates that this year’s voluntary reporting is divided into two parts: pre-reporting and formal reporting. Candidates who have completed the pre-filling of volunteers can directly import the pre-filling of volunteers into the formal filling system. It is particularly important to note that the pre-filled volunteers do not take effect, and only the officially filled volunteers are the basis for admission.

The admission time has also been determined. General admission time: July 8-14, the Japanese department will be admitted to colleges and universities in advance; July 17-25, admitted to Japanese universities; College admission from August 1st to 8th. Admission time for sports and art classes: July 8-16, Japanese classes are admitted to colleges and universities in advance (among which art classes are divided into 3 small batches); College admission from July 29th to 31st.

Linking > > >

What are the special types of enrollment?

The "special type enrollment" in Jiangsu college entrance examination refers to the enrollment projects with strong foundation plan, comprehensive evaluation, college special projects, local special projects, high-level art troupe, military academy enrollment and other special requirements.

According to the enrollment regulations of the Ministry of Education, the provinces that implement the comprehensive reform of college entrance examination and merge undergraduate batches must draw special enrollment control scores with reference to the proportion of enrollment plans of liberal arts and sciences in previous years. The "Opinions on Enrollment of Ordinary Colleges and Universities in Jiangsu Province in 2021" clearly stipulates that special types of enrollment control scores are divided according to the general category (history and other subjects) and the general category (physics and other subjects), with reference to the proportion of enrollment plans of the liberal arts and sciences in previous years.

The statistics of college entrance examination in our province are released one by one

On the 24th, the Provincial Education Examinations Institute announced the statistical table of the general college entrance examination in Jiangsu Province in 2021.

According to the statistics, there are 101 people with a score of 632 or above in the general category (history and other subjects), 1,651 people with a score of 600 or above, 10,193 people with a score of 562 or above, and 55,510 people with a score of 476 or above. There are 101 general subjects (such as physics) with a score of 661 or above, 1049 with a score of 636 or above, 10015 with a score of 595 or above, 86521 with a score of 500 or above, and 150598 with a score of 417 or above.

Piecewise statistics can let candidates know their grades, which is one of the important reference bases for candidates to fill in their volunteers. Experts in gaozhao remind candidates that before they fill in their volunteers, they must consult the enrollment policy of our province and the relevant contents of the special issue of the plan compiled by the Provincial Education Examinations Institute, carefully read the important materials in the special issue of the plan, such as Notes on Candidates’ Filling in Volunteers, Notes on parallel volunteer’s Filing, and the enrollment regulations of relevant colleges and universities, watch the guidance film on volunteering in the college entrance examination, and according to the requirements of the selected subjects of the subjects, professional groups and majors, as well as the candidates’ own college entrance examination scores and scores. Candidates should also be reasonably positioned, and should know their ranking according to their own achievements through subsection statistics.

Summer is coming, and a large number of fruits are on the market. Many office workers like to buy more at one time on weekends, keep them in the refrigerator, and take them out when they want to eat, which makes them feel cold. However, not all fruits are suitable to be stored in the refrigerator, and some fruits are naturally "cold-afraid". Putting them in the refrigerator will not only freeze the fruits, but also destroy their quality and flavor.

In general, the daily preservation of fruits can be divided into the following four categories:

1, can’t put it in the refrigerator, otherwise it will be frostbitten. Such as bananas, carambola, loquat and so on.

2. It can be put in the refrigerator, but it must be ripened first (that is, the unripe fruit cannot be put in the refrigerator). Such as durian, Sakyamuni, passion fruit, persimmon, etc.

3, it must be put into the refrigerator to last for a long time. Such as: peach, mulberry, plum, litchi, longan, rambutan, cherry, chestnut, guava, grape, pear, strawberry, mangosteen, pitaya, melon, grapefruit and so on.

4. It can be stored at room temperature or refrigerated in refrigerator. Such as: lemon, pineapple, grape, orange, olive, jujube, apple, watermelon, orange, coconut, grapefruit, sugarcane and so on.

There is a knack for storing fruit.

Because of different kinds of fruits, the optimum storage temperature is also different.

watermelon

Watermelon is stored at 10-12 degrees Celsius, and chilling injury will occur when the temperature is lower than 9.5 degrees Celsius.

Watermelons that have not been cut can be stored for more than 10 days at room temperature. Pay attention to placing watermelons in a cool, ventilated and dry place suitable for watermelon storage. If you want to eat some cold taste, you can put the watermelon in the refrigerator for two hours before eating, and the flavor is the best.

Watermelon itself has a high content of water and fermented sugar, which is easy to breed bacteria. After watermelon is cut, the internal fermented sugar is in direct contact with the outside world, which is easy to breed bacteria. Therefore, after watermelon is cut, it must be stored in the refrigerator, but it can only be stored for 12 to 24 hours at most.

mango

The best storage temperature of mango is about 10℃-13℃, and the peel will turn black when the temperature is lower than 8℃.

Therefore, it is best to store mango in a dark and cool place. If it must be placed in the refrigerator, it should be placed in a vegetable and fruit tank with higher temperature, and the storage time should not exceed two days.

banana

Bananas are most suitable for storage at 8℃-23℃. High temperature will easily lead to over-ripening and blackening, while temperature below 5℃ will easily lead to frostbite and blackening.

You can wash the bunches of bananas you bought with clean water, wipe the water with a clean cloth, put the bananas in a plastic bag, put an apple in it, exhaust the air from the bag as much as possible, tie the bag tightly, and put it in a ventilated and cool place at home.

grape

As soon as many people buy grapes home, they are used to washing them immediately and putting them in the refrigerator, which is very undesirable.

It’s best to wait until the grapes are ready to be eaten before washing them. It’s easy to go bad after washing and storing them.

The correct way is to sort out the bad grains and sundries in the grapes, then cut them off one by one and put them in a fresh-keeping box, but keep the pedicel and don’t expose the pulp to the air, otherwise it will not only attract insects, but also accelerate oxidation. After that, absorb the water with paper, seal it with plastic wrap and put it in the constant temperature room of the refrigerator.

mangosteen

Mangosteen is easy to deteriorate. If you want to keep it for a long time, you must ensure low temperature and less oxygen.

In general, tropical fruits can’t be stored in the refrigerator, but mangosteen is different. Because low temperature can reduce the loss of water in mangosteen, reduce the activity of pectinase and delay aging, mangosteen should be stored in refrigerator.

pawpaw

Mature papaya pulp is very soft and difficult to preserve, so you should eat it immediately after buying it back.

If you don’t intend to eat it immediately after buying it, it is recommended to choose papaya that is not completely yellow and slightly blue. It will be left for 1 to 2 days after you get home, and then wrapped in a fresh-keeping bag and put in the refrigerator for refrigeration. It can be kept for about 4 to 5 days at most. The optimum storage temperature of papaya is about 7℃.

Three points for attention when eating iced fruits.

(1) Note 1:

Eating time is particular. Try not to eat chilled fruit when you are just full or on an empty stomach. You can eat it after 1~2 hours after meals.

(2) Note 2:

It is advisable not to eat too much each time, so as not to cause gastrointestinal discomfort. For example, don’t eat more than 500 grams of watermelon at a time, about 15 grapes, no more than 1 peach and 10 ~ 15 strawberries.

(3) Note 3:

If the watermelon is not eaten at one time, the surface should be cut off before eating it next time, and other fruits stored in the refrigerator should be washed again before eating.

In order to thoroughly implement the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the Seventeenth Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, according to the Outline of the Twelfth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China and the Twelfth Five-year Plan for National Agricultural and Rural Economic Development, combined with the actual development of planting industry, our department organized and compiled the Twelfth Five-year Plan for National Planting Industry Development. It is issued to you. Please combine the local conditions and conscientiously implement them.

Attachment: Twelfth Five-year Plan for National Planting Development

The Ministry of Agriculture of the People’s Republic of China

June 1, 2011

Twelfth Five-year Plan for the Development of National Planting Industry

Planting is an important foundation of agriculture, and grain, cotton, oil and sugar are important commodities related to the national economy and people’s livelihood. Ensuring the effective supply of grain is the primary task of agricultural development. With the rapid advancement of industrialization and urbanization, the consumption demand of major agricultural products such as grain has increased rigidly, and the constraints of cultivated land and water resources have been strengthened day by day. The task of planting development is very heavy. We must speed up the transformation of the development mode of planting industry, strengthen the construction of facilities and equipment, optimize the planting structure, rely on scientific and technological progress, improve the utilization rate of resources and land output rate, enhance the comprehensive production capacity, ensure national food security, and promote the sustained and stable development of planting industry.

According to the Outline of the Twelfth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People’s Republic of China and the Twelfth Five-year Plan for National Agricultural and Rural Economic Development, the Twelfth Five-year Plan for National Planting Development is formulated.

First, the achievements and experience of the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" planting development

During the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, the central government insisted on solving the "three rural issues" as the top priority of the whole party’s work and always solved them well.13As the top priority of governing the country and safeguarding the country, the problem of feeding a population of 100 million people has formulated and promulgated a series of policies to strengthen agriculture and benefit farmers. All localities and departments conscientiously implemented the central government’s decision-making arrangements, implemented various policies to support agricultural production, effectively responded to various natural disasters such as extreme weather, and increased grain production year after year, and the planting industry developed steadily. This has laid a material foundation for managing inflation expectations and keeping the overall price level basically stable, provided strong support for expanding domestic demand and maintaining stable and rapid economic development, and played an important role in coping with various risk challenges and maintaining the overall situation of reform, development and stability.

(A) the achievements made

oneGrain production has increased year after year, and the output of major agricultural products has increased steadily.

Grain production has undergone severe tests such as extremely serious natural disasters, abnormally fluctuating agricultural products market and extremely complicated external environment, and has achieved exciting results. Grain continuityfiveAnnual increase in production, continuous outputfourKeep inoneMore than one trillion Jin, the comprehensive grain production capacity has steadily increased.2010Annual total grain output54647Ten thousand tons, average yield per mu331.5Kg, the total output per unit area reached a record high, respectively.2005Annual increase6245Ten thousand tons, improve22.1Kilogram.

The production of cotton, oil, sugar and other industrial raw materials crops showed a stable development trend as a whole.2010Annual total cotton output596Ten thousand tons, average yield per mu81.9Kg, respectively2005Annual increase25Ten thousand tons, improve6.6Kilogram; Total oil production3230Ten thousand tons, average yield per mu155.0Kg, respectively2005Annual increase153Ten thousand tons, improve11.7Kilogram; Total output of sugar12008Ten thousand tons, average yield per mu4202.4Kg, respectively2005Annual increase2556Ten thousand tons, improve174.7Kilogram; Total output of mulberry cocoon386Ten thousand tons, than2005Annual increase62Ten thousand tons.

Horticultural crop production has developed rapidly and the number of products is sufficient.2010Annual total vegetable output65099Ten thousand tons, average yield per mu2284.2Kg, respectively2005Annual increase8648Ten thousand tons, improve160.4Kilogram; Total output of tea147Ten thousand tons, average yield per mu49.7Kg, respectively2005Annual increase53.5Ten thousand tons, improvefourKilogram.2010Annual total output of garden fruits12865Ten thousand tons, average yield per mu743Kg, respectively2005Annual increase4030Ten thousand tons, improve156Kilogram.

2Structural adjustment has been further promoted, and advantageous areas for agricultural products have basically taken shape.

To meet the needs of the development of the situation, we have implemented the regional layout planning of advantageous agricultural products in depth, actively promoted industrial agglomeration and upgrading, and formed a number of advantageous industrial belts with outstanding advantages, reasonable layout and coordinated development. Four major food crops, rice, wheat, corn and soybean, were formed.14Industrial belt, production concentration reached respectively.98%、88%、99%and81%.13The grain output of three major grain-producing provinces accounts for the whole country.75.4%About, higher than the end of the "Tenth Five-Year Plan"2.2Percentage points. The production concentration of the three dominant cotton areas in the Yangtze River basin, the Yellow River basin and the northwest inland reached99%The production concentration of rape in the dominant producing areas in the Yangtze River basin has reached85%Above all, the concentration of sugarcane production in central and southern Guangxi, southwestern Yunnan and western Guangdong in Qiongbei has reached.93%Above all, the concentration of apple production in Bohai Bay and Northwest Loess Plateau has reached.87%Above. Four citrus industrial belts and a number of characteristic citrus bases in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River, southern Jiangxi-southern Hunan-northern Guangxi, Zhejiang-Fujian-Guangdong and western Hubei-western Hunan have developed strongly, and vegetable bases in the upper and middle reaches of the Yangtze River and South China in winter and spring, vegetable bases in the Loess Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau in summer and autumn, vegetable production bases in coastal and border areas, and vegetable bases in Huanghuaihai and Bohai Rim facilities have developed rapidly.2010The comprehensive quality rate of rice, wheat, corn and soybean reached.71.9%, higher than the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan.19.9Percentage points; High-quality cotton area reaches84.4%, improve4.4Percentage points; The area of "double low" rapeseed reached87%, improve9.7Percentage points, oil content increased.onePercentage points.

threeScientific and technological support has been strengthened and the production level has been significantly improved.

Vigorously carry out high-yield creation and standard garden creation, build a modern agricultural industrial technology system for bulk agricultural products such as rice, wheat, corn, soybeans, cotton and rape, start the pilot reform and construction of grass-roots agricultural technology extension service system, strengthen scientific and technological support for planting, and accelerate the promotion of new varieties and technologies. The contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress reaches52%Compared with the end of the Tenth Five-Year Plan period, it has improved nearly.fourPercentage points. Coverage rate of improved varieties reached96%, improveonePercentage points. Commercial seed supply rate reached63%, improve13Percentage points. Soil testing formula fertilization area exceeds10100 million mu, basically covering all agricultural counties (fields), and reducing unreasonable nitrogen fertilizer application.430Ten thousand tons (pure), reduce the loss of nitrogen and phosphorus.6%～thirty percent, grain crops per mu to reduce costs and increase efficiency30Yuan, industrial raw materials and horticultural crops per mu to reduce costs and increase efficiency.80More than yuan. The average annual extension area of farmland water-saving technologyfourMore than 100 million mu, the utilization rate of irrigation water has improved.fivePercentage points. Dominant area of specialized unified prevention and control of pests and diseases of major grain crops5.1100 million mu, accounting for12%; Green prevention and control area4.2100 million mu, accounting for10%.2010The total power of agricultural machinery in China reached9.2Billion kilowatts, than2005Annual increase34.3%; The comprehensive mechanization level of crop cultivation and harvest has reached52%, improve16Percentage points, wheat cultivation and harvest basically achieved full mechanization, rice planting, corn harvest and other weak links made positive progress.

Constructing high yield of grain, cotton, oil and sugar and creating a demonstration film of 10 thousand mu8200One, integrate technology, intensive projects, concentrate efforts, promote the matching of improved varieties and good methods, and drive a large-scale balanced increase in production. Popularize super rice area850010,000 mu, nearly double the "Tenth Five-Year Plan"; Popularization of high-yield and density-tolerant corn varieties covers an area exceedingone100 million mu, accounting for the total area of corn1/4; spreadtwelveThe main varieties of wheat with high quality and high yield cover an area of up to.1.1100 million mu, accounting for the total area of wheat1/3. At the same time, high-yield practical cultivation techniques such as dry cultivation and sparse planting of rice, precision and semi-precision sowing of wheat, backward movement of nitrogen fertilizer, close planting of corn and plastic film mulching have been vigorously promoted. Further promote the establishment and construction of horticultural crop standard park819A standard garden for vegetables, fruits and tea has promoted large-scale planting, standardized production, commercialization, brand sales and industrialized operation, which has promoted the overall improvement of the quality and efficiency of horticultural products.2010The qualified rate of pesticide residue detection in horticultural products was stable at95%Above.

fourInfrastructure has been gradually improved, and comprehensive production capacity has been further enhanced.

The state has continuously increased investment in farmland capital construction, implemented various major projects involving farmland and other infrastructure construction, improved agricultural production conditions, and enhanced its ability to resist natural disasters.2010In, the effective irrigated area of farmland in China reached.8.98One hundred million mu, accounting for the cultivated land area.49.4%, than2005Annual increasefourPercentage points.

Farming laws and regulations have been continuously improved, and the supervision system covering seeds, plant protection (pesticides) and soil fertilizers at the national, provincial, municipal and county levels has been gradually improved, and the administrative capacity according to law has been continuously enhanced. by2010At the end of the year, the national planting technology extension institutions were about5.1About ten thousand, in the staff.40Ten thousand people, including grass-roots agricultural technology extension institutions aboutfiveTen thousand, about personnel.37Ten thousand people.

(B) Experience and enlightenment

oneInsist on ensuring the effective supply of major agricultural products such as grain as the primary task of planting development.solve13The problem of feeding 100 million people is the biggest livelihood. Grasping the new trend of economic development accurately, the Central Committee clearly made a major judgment that China has entered the stage of promoting agriculture by industry and promoting rural development by cities, clearly pointed out the basic direction of taking the road of agricultural modernization with China characteristics, and clearly put forward clear requirements for promoting industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization as a whole. According to these important judgments and requirements, the central government issued them continuously.sevenindividualoneDocument No.1, formulated a series of policies to strengthen agriculture and benefit farmers, which effectively promoted the stable development of grain production and the continuous increase of farmers’ income. We must insist on ensuring the effective supply of major agricultural products such as grain as the primary task, strengthen the construction of facilities, increase support, and strive to improve the comprehensive grain production capacity.

2Adhere to the transformation of development mode as the fundamental way of planting development.Changing the mode of agricultural development is the fundamental requirement of implementing Scientific Outlook on Development and the inevitable choice of realizing agricultural modernization. Generally speaking, China’s agricultural productivity level is still relatively low, infrastructure is still weak, scientific and technological innovation ability is still not strong, production methods are relatively backward, and the contradiction between traditional agricultural development mode and resource and environment constraints is becoming more and more prominent. We must effectively change the development mode of planting industry, closely rely on scientific and technological progress and technological integration and innovation, scientifically allocate resources, optimize planting structure, continuously improve resource utilization and labor productivity, and take the road of connotative development.

threeInsist on improving the policy system as an important guarantee for the development of planting industry.The central government has continuously improved and strengthened agricultural support policies. Do "subtraction" and completely abolish agricultural tax, animal husbandry tax, agricultural specialty tax and slaughter tax. Do enough "addition", gradually establish a grain subsidy system for farmers, implement the "four subsidies" and financial incentive policies for grain-producing and oil-producing counties, and implement technical promotion subsidies such as soil testing and formula fertilization, establishment of high-yield grain, cotton, oil and sugar, establishment of horticultural crop standard gardens, improvement of soil organic matter, and rice seedling raising in greenhouses. Do a good job of "multiplication" and implement the minimum purchase price of key grain varieties and the policy of temporary storage and storage of bulk agricultural products. The policy of grain and agricultural production has changed from "taking" to "giving", from less to more, from small to large, from scattered support to systematic support, and the policy system of supporting protection has basically taken shape. We must strive to achieve the ideological understanding of strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers, which can only be strengthened but not weakened, and the strength of strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers can only be increased and not reduced, and improve the policy system of strengthening agriculture and benefiting farmers to provide guarantee for promoting the stable development of grain and agriculture.

fourAdhere to the optimization of regional layout as the basic requirement of planting development.Scientifically determine the key points of regional agricultural development, adjust the regional functional orientation, give full play to the advantages of resources, optimize the advantageous regional layout of crops such as grain, cotton, oil, sugar, fruits and vegetables, guide the construction of processing, circulation, storage and transportation facilities to gather in advantageous production areas, and form an industrial belt with outstanding advantages and distinctive characteristics. We must closely focus on the construction of modern agriculture, base ourselves on resource endowments, take the market as the guide, take scientific and technological innovation as the means and aim at quality and efficiency, speed up the implementation of regional layout planning of agricultural products, transform regional resource advantages into product advantages, industrial advantages and economic advantages, enhance the effective supply and market competitiveness of agricultural products, and improve the overall quality and efficiency of planting.

fiveInsist on strengthening disaster prevention and reduction as an effective measure for the development of planting industry.In recent years, abnormal climate change and frequent natural disasters have brought great difficulties to food and agricultural production. In order to adapt to the new situation of climate change, we must pay attention to the popularization of production technology and the implementation of disaster prevention measures, take the initiative to avoid disasters, promote effective disaster prevention, and carry out active disaster relief, so as to prevent disasters before, save them at the first time, and resist them at key points to minimize disaster losses. At the same time, we should adhere to the concept of public plant protection and green plant protection, actively promote biological control technology, vigorously promote specialized unified prevention and control, and fully control the occurrence and prevalence of pests and diseases.

Second, the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" situation facing the development of planting industry

The Twelfth Five-Year Plan period is a crucial period for building a well-off society in an all-round way, a crucial period for deepening reform and accelerating the transformation of development mode, and an important period for accelerating industrialization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. Generally speaking, the development of planting industry faces many favorable conditions, and the supporting policies are more powerful, which is conducive to mobilizing farmers’ enthusiasm for production; Continued strengthening of scientific and technological support is conducive to improving the level of production science and technology; The gradual strengthening of infrastructure and equipment is conducive to improving the comprehensive agricultural productivity; The continuous improvement of institutional mechanisms is conducive to the formation of a good development environment. However, it should be noted that with the rapid advancement of industrialization, informationization, urbanization, marketization and internationalization in China, the development of planting industry is also facing more severe challenges.

From the supply and demand situation, the outstanding performance is "three difficulties are getting bigger and bigger". First, it is increasingly difficult to ensure the supply of major agricultural products such as grain. With China’s population growth and rapid urbanization, the demand for major agricultural products such as grain is increasing rigidly. In the coming period, the consumption of grain and edible vegetable oil in China will generally increase every year.80Yijinhe50Ten thousand tons. In addition, the increasing consumption demand for animal protein food will further increase the pressure on food supply, and food supply and demand will be in a tight balance for a long time. exist18One hundred million mu of arable land, it is necessary to develop grain and oil production, solve13To feed a population of 100 million people, it is necessary to develop industrial raw materials such as cotton and sugar to meet the needs of daily life, to develop horticultural crops, to enrich the vegetable baskets of urban and rural residents, and to promote farmers’ sustained income increase. It is increasingly difficult to make overall plans for development. Second, it is more and more difficult to maintain regional grain balance. With the rapid economic development in southeast China, the focus of grain production has moved northward, the regional supply and demand pattern has changed, the transfer capacity of main producing areas has weakened, the self-sufficiency level of balanced areas has declined, and the gap between production and demand in main selling areas has increased.2010Hebei, Inner Mongolia, Liaoning, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shandong, Henan, etc.sevenA major northern producing area, the proportion of grain output in the country by1991Annual36.2%Raise to44.9%; Jiangsu, Anhui, Jiangxi, Hubei, Hunan, Sichuan, etcsixThe main producing areas in the south, the proportion of grain output by36%drop to30.5%; Beijing, Tianjin, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong and Hainan.sevenA main sales area, the proportion of grain output by12.2%drop to6.1%. At present, there are only Heilongjiang, Jilin, Inner Mongolia, Henan, Anhui and Jiangxi.sixProvinces (regions) can stably transfer grain. This change in supply and demand pattern has also increased the transportation pressure and consumption cost. Third, it is more and more difficult to keep the variety balance. In the case of tight constraints on cultivated land resources, the contradiction of competing for land among grain crops, grain crops, cotton, oil and sugar crops and horticultural crops will exist for a long time. Rice accounts for about half of the residents’ food consumption.65%In particular, the consumption demand of high-quality japonica rice is growing rapidly. According to estimates, neartwentyIn, the per capita annual consumption of japonica rice decreased from35Jin increased to60Jin, the development of japonica rice production is an urgent task. The total supply and demand of wheat is basically balanced, but the supply of high quality and strong gluten wheat is insufficient. With the rapid development of consumption fields such as aquaculture, deep processing and biomass energy, the tight supply and demand of corn is gradually emerging, and the gap may be further expanded. Soybean consumption is growing rapidly, domestic production is stagnant, and the dependence on imports is getting higher and higher, which is stable.thirty percentThe self-sufficiency rate is more difficult.

From the development environment, the long-term accumulated problems are still outstanding, and new unfavorable factors are constantly superimposed, mainly manifested as "six more prominent".

(A) The constraints of cultivated land water resources are more prominent.From the perspective of cultivated land resources,2010The amount of cultivated land in China in18.18100 million mu, approaching18100 million mu of red line, nearly less than at the beginning of this century.one100 million mu. With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the contradiction between increasing population and decreasing land will become more prominent. During the "Eleventh Five-Year Plan" period, China’s grain production increased, and the contribution of planting area increased accounted for more than 30%, and a considerable part of it was at the expense of reducing the area of other crops such as oil cotton. With the increasing demand of urban and rural residents for the diversity of agricultural products, it will be difficult to increase production only by expanding the area. From the perspective of fresh water resources, China is the world’s largest13One of the water-poor countries, the per capita water resources is only the world’s per capita.1/4. And the distribution of water resources is uneven in time and space, with less water and more land in the north, and the total water resources only account for the whole country.16.8%There is a lot of water in the south, and water resources account for the whole country.83.2%Water resources do not match the distribution of population, cultivated land and productivity. With the shift of the focus of grain production to the north, the influence of unbalanced spatial distribution of water resources has become more and more prominent, and in addition, groundwater overexploitation is serious in many places, and the carrying capacity of water resources in the future is very limited.

(2) The impact of climate change is more prominent.With the global warming, the probability of extreme weather events in China increases, and meteorological disasters such as drought, low temperature freezing injury and flood occur frequently every year, which not only have many kinds of disasters, but also have a wide range, deep degree and great harm, especially on agricultural production. near30In recent years, the impact of meteorological disasters on crop production has fluctuated from year to year, but it has generally increased. According to statistics,twentycentury90In the s, the average annual disaster and crop failure area was higher than that in the previous years.80The average annual growth in the decade is respectively19.1%and59.2%;21Average annual disaster area of crops in the century3.8100 million mu, no harvest area9340Ten thousand mu, than90The average annual growth in the decade is respectively1.5%and8.8%. At the same time, climate change leads to many new changes in the occurrence law of crop diseases, weeds and rodents, which poses a great threat to crop production. According to monitoring, withtwentycentury80Compared with 1990′ s, the altitude of winter wheat stripe rust increased.100More than meters, the epidemic time is about half a month earlier; The occurrence area of rice "two-migration" pests and migratory locusts expanded to high latitudes and high altitudes, and the harm of new pests and diseases such as rice black-streaked dwarf disease, wheat cyst nematode and corn rust in the south was aggravated.

(3) The problem of weak infrastructure is more prominent.At present, the situation of weak agricultural infrastructure has not fundamentally changed, and the middle and low yield fields in China account for about.2/3,50%% of cultivated land is located in arid and semi-arid areas where water resources are scarce, and the proportion of effective irrigation area of farmland is only50%, about1/3Some of the cultivated land is located in areas vulnerable to floods, and the irrigation and drainage facilities in the fields are old and aging, and the ditches and roads are not matched, so the ability to resist natural disasters is not strong; The level of mechanized operation is not high, and the comprehensive mechanization level of crop cultivation and harvesting has just passed.50%, in which the specific gravity of rice mechanical transplanting20%Specific gravity of corn harvest25%The proportion of rape sowing by machine and harvesting by machine is only10%About. With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, the outflow of rural factors of production such as capital, labor and land is serious, resulting in the shortage of rural funds, the reduction of cultivated land and the shortage of labor, which brings great difficulties to agricultural production and the promotion of new varieties and technologies.

(D) The problem of low comparative efficiency is more prominent.In recent years, the prices of agricultural means of production, such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural films, are on the rise due to the rising prices of raw materials such as oil, coal and natural gas. In addition, the employment opportunities of agricultural labor force have increased, and the agricultural labor costs have been increasing, which has promoted the increase of agricultural production costs year by year. According to the cost data analysis of the National Development and Reform Commission,2009Average per mu labor cost of rice, wheat and corn in a year.188.4Yuan, ratio2004Annual growth33.4%; Average per mu labor cost of rapeseed and peanut oil crops229.5Yuan, growth46.3%; Average labor cost per mu of cotton568.2Yuan, growth60.1%. According to the preliminary statistics of our department,2010The annual labor cost of winter wheat, corn and cotton per mu is respectively higher than2009Annual growth10%、5.1%、9.3%Rape is flat. From the future trend, it is difficult to change the upward pressure on agricultural prices, the rising cost of production and labor, and the rising wage level of the whole society. Grain production is gradually entering a high-cost era, and the price increase of major agricultural products such as grain is restricted by many factors, and the problem of low comparative efficiency of agricultural production will become increasingly prominent.

(E) The changes in the structure of agricultural labor force are more prominent.Under the background of the rapid development of industrialization and urbanization, most young and middle-aged rural laborers go out to work, and most of them stay in rural areas to farm, and their quality is generally low, which restricts the promotion of advanced science and technology. According to the fixed-point investigation and calculation of our department,2010Total number of rural labor force going out for employment in China in1.545One hundred million people, including men.64.6%, average age34.7Years old, the average age of women32.1Years old; The average age of rural agricultural labor force exceeds45Years old, and then10In the next few years, the existing rural labor force will gradually enter the aging stage, and it is urgent to cultivate a group of high-quality new agricultural workers. At the same time, small-scale decentralized management still occupies an absolute dominant position, and it is urgent to innovate mechanisms and strive to improve the level of socialized services.

(6) The impact and conduction of external factors are more prominent.In recent years, the influencing factors of price fluctuation in China’s agricultural products market have increased and become more coupled. In addition to changes in the basic supply and demand relationship, changes in regulatory policies, natural disasters, social hot money speculation, occasional food quality and safety incidents, and price fluctuations in the international market have all had a great impact on the domestic agricultural products market price. In recent years, the global rice price has risen sharply due to the reduction of production, which has raised the domestic rice market price to some extent. South Korean "kimchi crisis" drives the price increase of Chinese cabbage; The "diesel shortage" blocked the transportation of fresh agricultural products and the price rose. Changes in market prices directly affect production, increasing the difficulty of stable development of grain and agricultural production. In addition, many multinational agricultural companies, such asADM, Bunge, Cargill and Louis Dreyfus, etc., have controlled the domestic soybean processing industry with strong financial and technical strength.80%And began to establish or merge grain processing enterprises in Shandong, Henan, Hebei, Heilongjiang and other major grain producing areas. Multinational seed giants such as DuPont Pioneer, Monsanto and Syngenta have also entered domestic large-scale seed enterprises, which have an increasing impact on the production of major agricultural products such as grain in China.

Three, the guiding ideology, objectives and principles of the development of the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan"

(A) the guiding ideology

Guided by Deng Xiaoping Theory and Theory of Three Represents, we will thoroughly implement Scientific Outlook on Development, adhere to the road of agricultural modernization with China characteristics, take changing the development mode of planting as the main line, take ensuring the effective supply of major agricultural products such as grain as the primary task, take improving the comprehensive agricultural production capacity as the main direction, and take strengthening infrastructure construction, accelerating scientific and technological innovation and upgrading the level of modern materials and equipment as the support. Taking the establishment of high yield of grain, cotton, oil and sugar and horticultural crop standard garden as an important starting point, relying on scientific and technological progress, we will optimize regional layout, improve land output rate, resource utilization rate and labor productivity, enhance planting efficiency, agricultural product quality and market competitiveness, and promote the sustained and stable development of planting industry.

(2) Development goals

Overall goal:Strong food security, the main agricultural products meet the supply, the quality and safety level of agricultural products have been steadily improved, the industrial structure has been continuously optimized, the level of technology and equipment has been significantly improved, and the ability of sustainable development has been significantly enhanced.

Specific objectives:Strive to achieve "one guarantee and three struggles".

-ensuring that food is basically self-sufficient. Realize basic self-sufficiency and ensure self-sufficiency rate based on domestic conditions.95%Above. Grain sown area is stable at16More than 100 million mu, the comprehensive grain production capacity is stable at5.4Over 100 million tons. The self-sufficiency rate of rice, wheat and corn has reached.100%. The area of japonica rice in short supply in the market has reached1.5One hundred million mu, the total output reached.7800More than ten thousand tons.

-strive to stabilize the self-sufficiency rate of edible vegetable oil.40%. Oil planting area is stable at2.1More than 100 million mu, the output reached3500Ten thousand tons. Rape area is stable atoneMore than 100 million mu, peanut area reached7000Ten thousand mu, the oil content increased.onePercentage points.

-Strive to basically meet the domestic consumption demand for cotton and sugar. Cotton area is stable at8000About ten thousand mu, the total output reached.seven hundredMore than 10,000 tons, basically meeting the domestic demand for cotton consumption. Sugar area is stable at2900Ten thousand mu, the total output reached.1.4More than 100 million tons, ensuring that domestic sugar consumption is basically self-sufficient.

-strive for a stable supply of vegetables. Vegetable area is stable at2.8100 million mu, the total output is stable at6.5About 100 million tons, and strive not to be out of stock and never stop.

(3) Basic principles

oneConsolidate the foundation and improve the ability.Strictly implement the cultivated land protection system, increase the protection of basic farmland, strengthen the construction of high-standard farmland and cultivated land quality, improve the level of material equipment, strengthen the construction of laws and regulations and grass-roots agricultural technology extension system, and improve the comprehensive agricultural production capacity.

2Rely on technology and change the way.Accelerate scientific and technological innovation, integrate and popularize advanced and practical technologies, promote the combination of agricultural machinery and agronomy, the matching of improved varieties and good methods, create high-yield grain, cotton, oil and sugar, promote the specialization and unified prevention and control of pests and diseases, carry out in-depth soil testing and formula fertilization, actively develop water-saving agriculture, promote large-scale planting, standardized production and industrialized operation, and improve resource utilization, land output rate and labor productivity.

threeInnovating mechanism and increasing vitality.Adhere to reform and innovation, improve the support policy system, improve the agricultural subsidy and interest compensation system, and increase the vitality of development. Innovate management mechanism, strengthen resource integration, strengthen division of labor and cooperation, form joint efforts, and improve management service capabilities.

fourOverall arrangement and coordinated development.According to the resource endowment, coordinate the development of planting industry, deepen structural adjustment, build an industrial belt of superior agricultural products, fully tap the potential of yield per unit area, and ensure national food security and effective supply of major agricultural products.

Four, the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" the main task of planting development

Focusing on the overall situation of economic and social development, based on the conditions of ensuring agricultural resources, the main tasks of planting development in the Twelfth Five-Year Plan are:

(A) the steady development of grain production, to ensure national food security.

Adhere to ensuring national food security as the primary goal of developing modern agriculture, strengthen the construction of facilities, speed up scientific and technological progress, increase policy support, fully mobilize the enthusiasm of local governments to pay attention to agriculture and farmers to grow grain, and strive to stabilize the comprehensive grain production capacity in5.4Over 100 million tons.

Stabilize the planting area.The grain area is stable at16More than 100 million mu. The key to stabilizing the area is to implement the strictest farmland protection system and resolutely hold it.18The red line of 100 million mu of cultivated land will be designated and the basic farmland protection areas will be implemented. The difficulty of stabilizing the area is to arrange the planting structure as a whole, reform the farming system according to local conditions, actively develop intercropping and interplanting, and tap the resource potential on the premise of stabilizing the grain area. The key point of stabilizing the area is to stabilize the south, especially the economically developed areas along the southeast coast. We should give full play to the advantages of light and warm water resources, continue to promote "changing single crops into double crops", vigorously develop winter fallow fields, expand intercropping and interplanting, and stabilize the grain area.

Promote structural optimization.To ensure the effective supply of grain, we should not only strive to increase the total amount, but also optimize the variety structure and regional structure. From the perspective of variety structure, it is mainly to ensure that rice, wheat and corn are completely self-sufficient. While expanding double-cropping rice and stabilizing indica rice production in the south, rice should support "changing drought into water" in the northeast and "changing indica rice into japonica rice" in the suitable areas of Jianghuai to expand japonica rice production. Wheat should continue to develop high-quality special varieties, carry out standardized production and management, and improve quality and efficiency. Corn should fully tap the potential of increasing production, steadily increase the sown area, and strive to improve the yield per unit area. At the same time, efforts should be made to expand soybean production, stabilize the dominant producing areas in Northeast China, develop soybean producing areas in Huang-Huai-Hai and expand the area of soybean interplanting in South China. Actively develop potatoes, accelerate the popularization of virus-free seed potatoes, and improve the yield level. From the perspective of regional structure, according to resource endowment, technical conditions, production scale, industrial base and other factors, we should seize the core areas of main producing areas and key areas of advantageous areas, carry out key planning, direct guidance, key construction and key support, promote industrial agglomeration and upgrading, form a number of advantageous industrial belts with outstanding advantages, reasonable layout and coordinated development, maximize resource advantages, maximize the potential for increasing production, and maximize the effective supply. Focus on the core producing areas and fully implement the new ones.1000Plan the grain production capacity of 100 million Jin, strengthen the transformation of low-and medium-yield fields, build a number of high-standard grain fields, gradually improve the comprehensive grain production capacity, continuously increase the amount of grain transferred out, and focus on promoting grain processing and transformation. Focus on major grain-producing provinces, cities and counties, especially13A major grain-producing province, the output exceeds100A big market with a yield of 100 million Jin.10A large county of 100 million Jin will play a leading role in demonstration. Rice will focus on the northeast plain, the Yangtze River basin and the southeast coast.threeIn the dominant producing areas, wheat will be mainly built in Huanghuaihai, the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, southwest, northwest and northeast China.fiveIn the production areas with great advantages, corn will focus on the construction of spring corn in the north, summer corn in Huang-Huai-Hai and southwest China.threeIn the dominant producing areas, soybean will focus on the construction of high-oil soybeans in Northeast China, high-protein soybeans in Huanghuaihai and intercropping edible soybeans in Southwest China.threeIn the dominant producing areas, potatoes will be mainly built in Northeast China, North China, Northwest China, Southwest China and South China.fiveGreat advantage producing areas.

Improve the yield per unit area.Under the background of increasing constraints on cultivated land resources, we must rely on science and technology to improve the yield per unit area. Accelerate the breeding of new varieties. Strengthen agricultural basic research and scientific and technological reserves, especially focus on the cultivation of improved varieties in scientific and technological innovation, integrate seed resources, increase investment in research and development, accelerate the breeding of a number of new varieties with good yield, strong resistance and excellent quality, build a number of standardized, large-scale, intensive and mechanized seed production bases, and improve the supply capacity of improved varieties. Large-scale development of high-yield creation. We will further promote the creation of high-yield on a larger scale, in a wider scope and at a higher level, implement the promotion of the whole township and county, and play a leading role in demonstration. On the basis of summing up experience, the successful technical model, organization mode and working mechanism of the 10,000-mu demonstration film will be promoted from film to surface to township (town) and county (city, district and field), and the full coverage of advantageous production areas and major varieties will be gradually realized. Carry out large-scale cooperation and form a large-scale cooperation pattern of government-led, departmental cooperation and college participation. Innovate the system and mechanism, encourage the combination of high-yield creation with industrial technology system, with scientific research units, with the cultivation of large grain growers and the development of professional cooperative organizations, with the promotion of specialized services, and with leading industrialized enterprises, explore new channels for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements, new ways for large-scale production, new models for socialized services and new ways for industrialized operation, promote standardized production, and achieve standardization of facilities, technology and management, so as to enhance the level of creation.

Improve production capacity.While strengthening the construction of water conservancy facilities, we will build large-scale high-standard farmland to ensure drought and flood, and enhance disaster resistance and comprehensive production capacity. Strive to achieve2015Newly built high-standard farmland infour100 million mu, upgrading and building high-yield fields.one100 million mu. Focus on the construction of field irrigation and drainage ditches and motor wells, small rainwater harvesting and water storage facilities, carry out land leveling, fertilizer accumulation facilities and motor-driven road construction, implement quality improvement measures such as soil improvement and fertility improvement, establish a monitoring and early warning system for cultivated land quality, and accelerate the popularization and application of advanced and applicable farming techniques.

(two) the steady development of industrial raw materials and horticultural crops production, to ensure the effective supply of agricultural products.

With China’s population growth and the improvement of people’s living standards, the consumption of cotton, oilseeds and sugar materials continues to increase, and the supply and demand situation is generally tight. Accelerate the popularization of new varieties and technologies, increase yield, improve quality, and enhance the quality and safety level and market competitiveness of agricultural products. In-depth implementation of superior regional layout planning, the construction of cotton, oil, sugar, vegetables, fruits, tea and other industrial raw materials and horticultural crops with outstanding advantages and distinctive characteristics of industrial belts. Strengthen the construction of high-quality cocoon production base in the main sericulture producing areas, improve the quality and yield of cocoon silk, and promote the sustained and stable development of sericulture production.

Resume development of cotton production.Seize the favorable opportunity of rising cotton prices and improving planting efficiency, and guide farmers to plant a variety of cotton and good cotton. Restore the planting area, stabilize the cotton areas in the Yellow River Basin and the Yangtze River Basin, focus on developing the cotton areas in Xinjiang, and strive to stabilize the national area.8000About 10,000 mu, of which the cotton area in Xinjiang has reached2400More than 10,000 mu. Popularize key technologies, vigorously develop high-yield creation, integrate and popularize advanced and applicable technologies, and promote large-scale balanced production increase. Water-saving technologies such as drip irrigation under plastic film are mainly promoted in the inland cotton areas of northwest China, saline-alkali land is mainly developed in the cotton areas of the Yellow River basin, and cultivation techniques such as seedling transplanting after wheat and efficient interplanting are promoted, while the cotton areas of the Yangtze River basin are mainly promoted with efficient multi-cropping cultivation mode and simple cultivation techniques such as soilless seedling transplanting. Promote transgenic insect-resistant cotton and high-quality hybrid cotton varieties according to local conditions, reasonably increase planting density and improve yield per unit area. Actively promote the operation of cotton production machinery and improve labor productivity.

Vigorously develop oil production.Fully tap the production potential, steadily increase the oil supply, and focus on the production of oil crops such as rapeseed, peanuts and soybeans. Expand rapeseed production, strengthen the construction of rape dominant areas in the Yangtze River basin, focus on the development and utilization of winter fallow fields in the south and beaches along the Yangtze River and lakes, and expand the planting area of double-low rapeseed. Adjust the planting structure in the northern region and appropriately expand the area of spring rape. Develop peanut production,23Peanut is a high-yield and high-oil crop, but also a barren-tolerant crop, which is suitable for planting in a wide range and has great potential for increasing production. Focus on developing spring peanuts in the ecotone between agriculture and animal husbandry in Northeast China, solve the problem of mixed varieties, and popularize plastic film mulching technology. The Huang-Huai-Hai region will focus on developing intercropping and interplanting to expand the peanut area. To stabilize soybean production, the key point in Northeast China is to rationally arrange planting structure, focus on solving the problem of re-cropping, stabilize soybean planting area and improve yield per unit area. The southern region will focus on the development of soybean intercropping and expand the planting area. At the same time, actively develop the production of oil crops such as sunflower in saline-alkali land in northwest and northeast China.

Steady development of sugar production.Take comprehensive measures to vigorously develop sugarcane production, stabilize the area, and improve the yield, sugar and efficiency. Stabilize the sugarcane area. Sugarcane producing areas should actively develop the cultivation mode of interplanting soybeans and melons in sugarcane fields to improve the planting efficiency. In-depth implementation of sugarcane superior regional layout planning, consolidate the development of high-yield areas, reduce scattered risk-producing areas, focus on the construction of sugarcane superior industrial belts such as central and southern Guangxi, southwestern Yunnan, Leizhou Peninsula and Qiongbei, and strive to stabilize the sugarcane area.two thousand and five hundredMore than 10,000 mu. Improve the yield and quality of sugarcane. Carry out breeding research, select and popularize a number of new varieties with high yield, high sugar and high resistance; Vigorously carry out high-yield creation, do a good job in demonstrating healthy sugarcane seedlings, integrate and promote a number of high-yield and high-sugar varieties and supporting high-yield cultivation techniques to improve the yield level; Do a good job in the pilot project of mechanization in the whole process of production and improve the level of mechanization. The northern sugar beet producing areas will focus on accelerating the development of order production and stabilizing the planting area.

Consolidate the development of horticultural crops such as vegetables.Promote the transformation of the development mode of vegetable production from scale expansion to increasing unit yield and improving quality and efficiency, and promote the stable development of vegetable production. We will steadily improve the supply capacity of "vegetable gardens" in the suburbs of large and medium-sized cities, speed up the construction of vegetable areas in winter and spring in South China and the middle and upper reaches of the Yangtze River, vegetable areas in summer and autumn in the Loess Plateau and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateau, vegetable areas in Huang-Huai-Hai and facilities around the Bohai Sea, and focus on strengthening the construction of bases for transporting southern vegetables to the north, such as Hainan and Guangxi, so as to ensure a balanced supply and demand of vegetables and a balanced supply of seasons, regions and varieties. Strengthen policy support, expand a number of leading vegetable seed enterprises and farmers’ professional cooperatives that integrate breeding, reproduction and promotion, and strengthen the construction of intensive seedling raising facilities, vegetable field infrastructure, greenhouse facilities and cold chain facilities. Promote the stable development of garden fruit production and strive to stabilize the area.1.7About 100 million mu, the total output is stable at1.5About 100 million tons. Vigorously promote a number of key technologies such as simple cultivation of horticultural crops, high-quality and high-yield cultivation, post-harvest commercialization and storage and transportation preservation, promote large-scale planting, standardized production, commercialization, brand sales and industrialized operation, establish and improve the quality and safety inspection and traceability mechanism of standard gardens, and improve the quality of agricultural products, the degree of production organization and the level of industrialized operation. Actively promote the use of non-cultivated land in the west and north to develop the production of protected horticultural crops.

(3) Accelerate the construction of a modern seed industry system to ensure the quantity, quality and safety of seed supply.

Vigorously promote system reform and mechanism innovation, improve laws and regulations, integrate seed industry resources, strengthen policy guidance, strengthen market supervision, and rapidly improve China’s seed industry’s scientific and technological innovation ability, enterprise competitiveness, seed supply guarantee ability and market supervision ability, and build a modern seed industry system with industry as the leading factor, enterprises as the main body, bases as the support, Industry-University-Research as the combination, and integration of breeding, reproduction and promotion.

Strengthen the scientific and technological innovation system of seed industry.For example, we should invest heavily in the basic public welfare research of seed industry, improve the national system of conservation and utilization of germplasm resources, encourage scientific research institutes and institutions of higher learning to carry out basic public welfare research, and encourage seed enterprises to vigorously carry out commercial breeding. Support the merger and reorganization of seed enterprises, integrate breeding resources, and focus on developing commercial and factory breeding models in variety research and development. Cultivate a number of breakthrough fine varieties with great application prospects and independent intellectual property rights.

Strengthen the capacity building of seed supply guarantee.Scientifically plan the regional layout of superior seed production, and establish and strictly protect superior seed production areas. Strengthen the planning, construction and land protection of superior seed research, identification and breeding bases in northwest, southwest and Hainan. Encourage seed enterprises to establish a number of relatively centralized and stable standardized, large-scale, intensive and mechanized superior seed production bases and modern seed processing centers by means of joint cooperation with seed production cooperatives, so as to enhance the comprehensive seed production capacity. Establish and improve the national and provincial seed reserve systems to ensure the safety of seeds used in agricultural production.

Strengthen the construction of seed management system.Strengthen the seed management function of agricultural departments at all levels, improve the seed management institutions, ensure the funds for seed management, strengthen the construction of seed management team, and establish a seed management team with integrity, fairness, excellent style, proficient business, excellent quality and excellent equipment. Strengthen the construction of public service facilities such as grass-roots variety testing and seed quality testing, and improve the equipment level and service ability of seed management system. Revise and improve seed laws and regulations, improve the system of variety testing, approval, protection and withdrawal, strengthen market supervision and management, and strictly manage seed production and operation licenses to create a good environment for fair competition for seed industry development.

(D) to effectively change the mode of development, improve resource utilization and land output rate.

Focus on promoting the reform of farming system.According to the carrying capacity and allocation efficiency of resources, we should rationally determine the distribution of productive forces, optimize the regional distribution, crop structure and variety structure, and strive to produce the most suitable agricultural products in the most suitable areas. Reasonable arrangement of planting system, supporting the promotion of advanced practical technology, improve crop multiple cropping index. Fully tap the potential of resources, varieties, technologies and modern material equipment to increase production, and improve land output rate, resource utilization rate and labor productivity.

Efforts will be made to promote scientific and technological innovation and integrated promotion.Accelerate the breeding of new varieties with high yield, high quality, drought resistance, low temperature tolerance and pest resistance, strengthen technical research on prevention and control of major pests, disaster prevention and mitigation, saving costs and increasing efficiency, and steadily improve the level of scientific and technological support. Strengthen the construction of grass-roots agricultural technology extension system, speed up the promotion of new varieties and technologies, promote technology integration and innovation, implement improved varieties and good methods to fully tap the potential of unit yield through policy guidance, project promotion and demonstration. Promote the coordinated development of agricultural machinery and agronomy, accelerate the mechanization of major grain producing areas, bulk crops and key production links, and improve the level of agricultural mechanization. Strive to achieve2015The contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress reached55%The comprehensive mechanization level of crop cultivation and harvest has reached60%.

Focus on promoting soil testing and formula fertilization.Let more farmers use formula fertilization technology and promote the application of formula fertilizer in a wider range. We will promote the whole system, take the establishment of demonstration counties (fields) as the starting point, promote the whole township, promote the whole county (field) where conditions permit, make new breakthroughs in technology entering villages and households and scientifically fertilizing fields, and effectively improve the technical coverage. High-yield demonstration films and horticultural crop standard gardens should be popularized first, and high-standard application of soil testing and formula fertilization technology should play a leading role in demonstration, especially in the popularization and application of horticultural crops such as fruits and vegetables. Innovate the service mode and promotion mechanism, guide fertilizer supply and marketing enterprises, farmers’ professional cooperatives, large growers, scientific and technological demonstration households to participate in soil testing and formula fertilization, and actively explore the service mode of "unified testing, unified distribution, unified supply and unified application". Accelerate the construction of a network for the production and supply of formula fertilizers, and gradually form a mechanism that guides fertilizer production with scientific formulas, facilitates farmers’ purchase of fertilizers with chain distribution, and guides farmers’ fertilization with standardized services. Encourage qualified places to establish and improve rural fertilizer distribution stations, provide intelligent and digital fertilizer distribution and supply services to farmers, and guide farmers to apply fertilizer according to the formula. Strive to achieve2015Annual coverage rate of soil testing and formula fertilization reached.60%Above, the main food crops reached70%Above, the main cash crops have reachedthirty percentAbove. At the same time, implement the soil organic matter upgrading project, innovate the technical mode, do a good job in technical support, improve soil fertility and enhance capacity.

Focus on promoting the development of water-saving agriculture.Combined with the regional characteristics, optimize the planting layout, supporting field water-saving facilities, focusing on popularizing farmland water-saving technical modes such as full-film mulching, drip irrigation under film, water and fertilizer integration, rainwater harvesting and irrigation saving, and drought-resistant sowing with water, supporting the construction of rain-collecting fields, rain-collecting pits (ponds) and other drought-resistant small water source facilities, and striving to improve the utilization rate of water resources. Strive to achieve2015The effective utilization coefficient of agricultural irrigation water increased to0.53Above. Improve the water-saving technology of key areas and dominant crops, further improve the pertinence and applicability, establish the main promotion technology model of different regions, focus on key areas such as Gansu, Shaanxi, Ningjin, the western northeast and eastern Inner Mongolia, strengthen cooperation, increase investment and accelerate popularization. Take the lead in applying water-saving technology in high-yield demonstration films and horticultural crop standard parks, and radiation will drive large-scale promotion. Establish an investment mechanism with government as the leading factor and social participation. Incorporate farmland water-saving infrastructure and supporting equipment into the scope of national high-standard farmland construction, increase capital investment and strengthen facility construction. Make full use of financial funds to support agriculture, such as subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools, and support professional cooperatives and farmers to popularize and apply water-saving technologies.

Focus on promoting specialized unified defense rule.Strengthen the function of public plant protection, and strive to achieve a new breakthrough in specialized unified prevention and control of major crop diseases and pests. Take the lead in the three major grain crops producing areas of rice, wheat and corn.eight hundredCounty, cotton, vegetables, sugar cane, three key areas of economic crop diseases and insect pests.100County, migratory, epidemic major pests source area.200Counties, the implementation of specialized unified defense rule, and actively promote the whole process of contracting mode. Strive to achieve the dominant rate of unified prevention and control of pests and diseases of major grain crops in China by the end of the Twelfth Five-Year Plan.thirty percentAbove, improve18Percentage points, to achieve full coverage of major crops and key areas. Integrate resources and increase investment. We will continue to use the subsidy policy for the purchase of agricultural machinery to support the purchase of plant protection machinery, increase the funding support for emergency prevention and control of pests and diseases, strive for the implementation of specialized unified prevention and control subsidies, and focus on supporting the promotion of specialized unified prevention and control technologies and new plant protection machinery. Vigorously cultivate professional service organizations. Increase support for professional service organizations in pest information and prevention and control technology, and cultivate a professional pest prevention and control team with quick response, strong execution and efficient operation. Formulate professional management measures for unified prevention and control, unify service identification, and publish a number of qualified service organizations. Strengthen the training of professional service personnel. Combined with the implementation of sunshine project and other projects, we will carry out skills training for employees, carry out certificates and improve service level. At the same time, vigorously promote green prevention and control technologies, focusing on vegetable bases, agricultural products export bases, horticultural crop standard parks and off-season vegetable bases in large and medium-sized cities, and promote comprehensive prevention and control technologies such as biological control, physical control and safe drug use to improve the quality and safety of agricultural products.

(V) Strengthening the capacity building of risk prevention and emergency management.

Strengthen the prevention of meteorological disasters.Adapt to the new trend of climate change, achieve early warning, quick response and practical measures, and strive to reduce disaster losses. Firmly establish the idea of fighting disasters to win a bumper harvest and the concept of "disaster reduction is to increase production", adhere to the principle of high and stable production on the one hand and disaster reduction on the other, and strive to achieve less production reduction in severe disasters, no production reduction in light disasters, and more production without disasters. Strengthen disaster early warning, pay close attention to important farming hours and major weather changes, and release early warning information in a timely manner. Accurately grasp the soil moisture, seedling situation and disaster situation, and improve the countermeasures in time. Strengthen the study of disaster law, organically combine disaster avoidance, disaster prevention and disaster relief, provide technical services, and guide farmers to resist disasters scientifically. Popularize key technologies for disaster prevention and increase production, and improve the policy support system for agricultural science and disaster relief. Strengthen infrastructure construction, especially through large-scale construction of high-standard farmland to ensure drought and flood, and enhance disaster resistance. Fully publicize and launch, guide farmers to provide timely disaster relief, mobilize all forces to work together to fight disasters, and create a good atmosphere for disaster prevention and relief.

Strengthen the monitoring of biological disasters.To cope with the new situation of climate change and the occurrence of pests and diseases, strengthen the construction of plant protection, disaster prevention and mitigation system, and comprehensively improve the monitoring and early warning, prevention and control, interception and emergency response capabilities of major pests and diseases. Improve the monitoring and forecasting network system of major pests and diseases, improve the digital monitoring and early warning platform, standardize the information reporting and publishing system, and realize the standardization, networking, digitization and visualization of monitoring and early warning. Strengthen the capacity building of emergency response to pests and diseases, establish and improve the emergency prevention and control mechanism for explosive and sudden pests and diseases, improve the construction of emergency prevention and control facilities, support the development of a number of professional service organizations and emergency prevention and control teams, and promote joint prevention and control of diseases, pests and rodents. Accelerate the supervision and interception of major plant epidemics, increase epidemic monitoring points in coastal and border areas, expand monitoring scope, improve monitoring capabilities, and effectively curb the spread and spread of major plant epidemics. Vigorously promote comprehensive prevention and control technologies such as biological control, physical control and safe drug use, establish a supporting technical system for green prevention and control of pests in major crops, and comprehensively improve the level of prevention and control.

Strengthen the supervision of pesticide market.Further improve the pesticide registration system, strictly review pesticide registration, establish a pesticide risk assessment and risk monitoring system, improve the pesticide re-registration and variety withdrawal mechanism, gradually eliminate and ban high-toxic and high-risk pesticides, promote the promotion and use of low-toxic and biological pesticides, and improve the registration policy for small crops and small-scale drugs. Improve the standard system of pesticide residues, revise and improve the limit standards and detection methods of pesticide residues in agricultural products, and strengthen the monitoring of pesticide residues in agricultural products. Strengthen supervision and spot checks and law enforcement, timely report the results of spot checks, and punish illegal enterprises according to law. Strengthen the supervision of production and business entities, focus on the supervision of production enterprises and business units, move forward the pass, control the source, establish production and business files, and realize the traceability of products. In particular, it is necessary to strengthen the supervision of the production and business units of highly toxic pesticides, so as to purchase drugs under real names and master the sales flow of highly toxic pesticides. Strengthen the disclosure of pesticide government information, timely publish pesticide registration, quality monitoring, safety risks and other information, and enhance public service capabilities. Strengthen the training and guidance on the safe use of pesticides, and properly handle drug accidents. Improve the management institutions of pesticide verification and technical support systems such as registration test and quality inspection, and improve the ability and level of pesticide supervision.

Strengthen the construction of agricultural information system.Improve the equipment conditions of agricultural situation dispatching, strengthen the means of information collection, transmission and storage, use modern information technology, expand information channels, enrich dispatching content, improve management system, stabilize professional teams, improve the quality of personnel, and comprehensively improve the informatization, specialization, institutionalization and systematization level of agricultural situation work. Strive to achieve2015A modern agricultural information system combining satellite remote sensing with ground survey, connecting fixed-point monitoring with sampling survey, with agricultural information personnel at or above the county level as the main body and rural agricultural technicians as the basis was built in. Establish and improve the production and market information monitoring system of horticultural products such as vegetables and fruits, improve the information release system of supply and demand and price of agricultural products, and improve the information service level of supply and demand of agricultural products.

V. Safeguards

(A) the implementation of the most stringent farmland protection system

Implement the strictest farmland protection system, strengthen the enforcement of farmland protection, and resolutely hold on to it.18Red line of 100 million mu of cultivated land. Establish and improve a high-standard grain field protection system that has been used for grain production for a long time. In accordance with the requirements of "establishing and improving the central and local grain safety grading responsibility system and fully implementing the grain safety governor responsibility system", the responsibility for farmland protection and food safety will be implemented at all levels, with the top leaders of governments at all levels as the first responsible person. Strengthen the mayor’s responsibility system of "vegetable basket" and implement the minimum quantity system of vegetable fields. We will continue to promote land consolidation, reclamation and development, and implement the principle that cultivated land should be supplemented first and then occupied, so as to prevent the balance between cultivated land occupation and compensation in provinces, regions and cities. The quality of cultivated land is regarded as the main content of the assessment of the provincial government’s responsibility for farmland protection. We will improve the acceptance mechanism of the balance of cultivated land occupation and compensation, solidly promote the acceptance and evaluation of supplementary cultivated land quality, establish and improve the compensation mechanism for basic farmland protection, and ensure that the total amount of basic farmland does not decrease, the use does not change, and the quality is improved. Establish a monitoring and early warning system for cultivated land quality, strengthen the dynamic monitoring of cultivated land quality, vigorously promote farmland water saving, soil testing and formula fertilization, soil organic matter improvement, efficient pesticide application and other technologies, and continuously improve cultivated land quality. Appropriately develop land reserve resources and increase cultivated land area.

(2) Establish and improve the agricultural support policy system.

Improve the agricultural subsidy policy.Stabilize various subsidy policies and gradually increase efforts. Continue to provide direct subsidies to grain farmers. Improve the dynamic adjustment mechanism of comprehensive agricultural subsidies, appropriately raise standards and expand the scope, and include cotton and rapeseed production in the scope of subsidies. Expand the scope and scale of subsidies for improved varieties and raise the subsidy standards. Increase the scale of subsidies for the purchase of agricultural machinery and tools, expand the scope of subsidies, and raise subsidy standards. We will implement subsidies for the promotion of key technologies for disaster prevention and yield increase, such as rice seedling raising in greenhouse, corn plastic film mulching, "one spraying and three prevention" for wheat, drip irrigation under plastic film, mechanical subsoiling and soil preparation, and fertilization for late rice in the south and rice in the northeast to promote early maturity and prevent pests and diseases, and build a long-term mechanism for disaster prevention and mitigation. We will set up subsidies for specialized unified prevention and control of major crop pests and diseases, and expand the unified prevention and control area. Implementation of biological pesticides, high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides promotion and major plant epidemic prevention and control subsidies.

Improve the price protection system for agricultural products.We will improve the minimum purchase price of key grain varieties and the temporary purchasing and storage policy of bulk agricultural products, and appropriately raise the price level. Steadily increase the minimum purchase price of wheat and rice, especially japonica rice, gradually cancel the price difference between red wheat, mixed wheat and white wheat, and implement the same quality and the same price. We will improve the temporary purchasing and storage policies for rapeseed, soybeans, cotton and corn, and explore the establishment of a target price policy. Study and establish a price formation system for fresh agricultural products.

Construct a long-term mechanism for the stable development of grain.Completely cancel the local matching of grain risk funds in major producing areas, give priority to investment in agricultural infrastructure construction and comprehensive agricultural development in major producing areas, and continuously improve the comprehensive production capacity of major producing areas. We will substantially increase the general transfer payments from the central government to major grain and oil-producing counties, and expand the scale and scope of awards. Study and implement the incentive policy for large cotton counties. Speed up the establishment of interest compensation mechanism in major grain producing areas and improve the mechanism of linking incremental subsidies with grain output, especially commodity volume. Arrange some funds from land transfer income, increase investment in high-standard farmland construction, and explore a long-term mechanism that combines use and maintenance and pays equal attention to construction and management.

Improve the mechanism of promoting agriculture through science and technology.Improve the scientific and technological level of seed industry, integrate breeding scientific and technological resources, guide seed enterprises and scientific research units to unite, and vigorously develop new varieties with great application prospects and independent intellectual property rights. We will strengthen comprehensive supporting technologies focusing on the combination of agricultural machinery and agronomy, scientific fertilization and water-saving technologies focusing on saving costs and increasing efficiency, and key research on disaster prevention and mitigation technologies focusing on preventing and controlling pests and responding to meteorological disasters, and strive to make major breakthroughs. Increase support for the establishment of high-yield grain, cotton, oil and sugar and the establishment of horticultural crop standard parks to promote the whole system. Continue to support soil testing and formula fertilization, and increase subsidies for improving soil organic matter. Accelerate the reform and construction of grass-roots agricultural technology extension system, generally improve and perfect township or regional agricultural technology extension service institutions, and establish and improve the extension service system with "county (field) as support, township (town) as platform and village (group) as carrier".

(3) Strengthening the construction of agricultural infrastructure.

Promote the construction of high-standard farmland for drought and flood protection.Formulate and implement the National Master Plan for the Construction of High-standard Farmland, and carry out large-scale construction of high-standard farmland in drought and flood according to the requirements of overall planning, division of labor and cooperation, concentrated investment and continuous promotion. Adhere to comprehensive management, highlight key points, and focus on solving the problems of farmland irrigation and drainage, rainwater harvesting, soil quality and farming technology. Strengthen the construction of irrigation and water conservancy facilities and field engineering facilities, implement farmland leveling and border field transformation, build and improve field roads and farmland shelterbelts, implement quality improvement measures such as soil improvement and fertility improvement, establish a monitoring and early warning system for cultivated land quality, and accelerate the popularization and application of advanced and applicable farming techniques.

Promote the implementation of the plan to increase the grain production capacity by 100 billion Jin.According to the plan, highlight key areas and projects, actively raise funds, speed up project construction, and form production capacity as soon as possible. During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, transform low-and medium-yield fields.1.5100 million mu, strengthen the construction of field projects based on small-scale farmland water conservancy facilities, and implement technical measures such as land leveling, tractor ploughing, farmland forest network engineering, soil improvement and increasing the application of organic fertilizer. Strengthen the construction of regional monitoring stations for cultivated land quality and improve the monitoring ability of cultivated land quality. Strengthen the construction of Hainan Nanfan scientific research seed production base, Gansu Hexi Corridor hybrid corn seed production base and Sichuan hybrid rice seed production base and large-scale improved seed breeding base, improve seed production capacity and stabilize seed supply level. Improve the regional, county-level and township agricultural technology extension system and improve the public service capacity of agricultural technology.

Promote a new round of seed engineering construction.In accordance with the overall goal of "ensuring the safety of seed supply quantity, seed quality and safety, variety planting safety and seed industry safety", we will increase investment in infrastructure and focus on strengthening the three major capacity building of seed science and technology innovation, seed production and market supervision. arrive2015In, the basic research project of seed industry (including germplasm resources) was built (expanded).37Center for crop variety improvement (sub-center)107Innovation base of crop breeding30National crop seed production and processing base1102A national crop variety test project590A, crop seed supervision center1140A basic supporting system of modern seed industry with complete supporting functions, such as breeding innovation, seed production and supervision service, has been initially established.

Promote a new round of plant protection project construction.In accordance with the general idea of "comprehensive coverage, comprehensive construction, gathering points into a network, matching functions, and enhancing capabilities", we will comprehensively strengthen the capacity building of crop pest monitoring and early warning, pesticide supervision, and plant protection science and technology support in plant protection institutions at the national, provincial, municipal and county levels. arrive2015In, new construction (renovation and expansion)oneA national monitoring center for major crop diseases and insect pests,oneA national pesticide monitoring and evaluation center,33A provincial crop pest monitoring center,32A provincial pesticide monitoring and evaluation center,150A municipal crop pest early warning control station,750A county-level crop pest monitoring and early warning control station,19A regional experimental station and functional laboratory of technological innovation will form a monitoring and prevention and control system with "nationwide coverage, efficient operation, rapid response, complete functions, strong prevention and control and supervision in place" to ensure agricultural production safety, agricultural product quality safety, agricultural product trade safety and ecological safety.

Promote the construction of production bases such as cotton, oil and sugar.Through government investment, we will guide enterprises and farmers’ professional cooperative organizations to participate, integrate material, technology and management resources, strengthen project connection, promote the construction of production bases such as cotton, oilseeds, sugar and dry farming, improve the conditions of production infrastructure, expand the popularization and application of modern technology and equipment, and form a high-quality, high-yield, efficient, ecological and safe modern production demonstration base and leading enterprise raw material base to promote the in-depth development of advantageous industrial belts.

Promote the construction of standardized production bases for horticultural products.In areas where vegetables, fruits and tea have advantages (key points), farmers’ professional cooperative organizations and leading enterprises with good basic conditions will be selected to build standardized production bases for vegetables, oranges, apples, pears, bananas, grapes and tea.2590One, focus on strengthening intensive seedling raising, standardized production, post-harvest commercial treatment and other infrastructure construction, and strive to improve the level of standardization, scale and intensification. from2011Since 2000, it has been established in the whole country.1000A standard garden for horticultural crops such as vegetables, fruits, tea, etc., through integrated technology, intensive projects and concentrated efforts, promotes ecological cultivation techniques, high-efficiency and low-toxicity pesticides, promotes standardized production, unified prevention and control of pests and diseases, improves the product quality and safety management system, and demonstrates the promotion of the quality, balanced supply and efficiency of vegetables, fruits and tea nationwide.

Accelerate the development of agricultural industries such as chemical fertilizers, pesticides and agricultural machinery and equipment manufacturing, and provide material guarantee for the development of planting industry.

(D) actively promote rural reform.

Stabilize and improve the basic management system in rural areas.Adhere to the two-tier management system based on household contract management and combining unified management with separate management, improve the circulation market of land contract management rights, allow farmers to transfer land contract management rights in the form of subcontracting, leasing, exchange, transfer and joint-stock cooperation according to the principle of voluntary compensation according to law, cultivate and support a number of new large planters, family farms and professional cooperatives, and develop various forms of moderate scale management.

Cultivate new farmers’ cooperative organizations.Accelerate the development of farmers’ professional cooperatives, focus on developing farmers’ union and cooperation, cultivate socialized production service organizations, strengthen the technical service functions of agricultural materials distribution, mechanized service, professional plant protection and other production links, support a number of professional cooperative organizations, and form a diversified, multi-level and multi-form business service system.

Deepen the reform of agricultural science and technology system.Accelerate the construction of agricultural science and technology innovation system and modern agricultural industrial technology system, and strengthen support for public agricultural scientific research institutions and agricultural colleges and universities. Relying on major agricultural scientific research projects, key disciplines and scientific research bases, we will strengthen the construction of agricultural scientific and technological innovation teams and cultivate high-level talents in agricultural science and technology, especially leading talents. Stabilize and expand the ranks of agricultural scientific and technological talents, strengthen the popularization of agricultural technology and carry out technical training for farmers. Accelerate the transformation of agricultural scientific and technological achievements and promote the combination of Industry-University-Research, agriculture and education. Accelerate the reform of the basic agricultural technology extension system and strengthen the construction of public service capacity. Improve farmers’ scientific and technological training system, mobilize farmers’ enthusiasm for learning and using science, and improve farmers’ scientific farming level.

(five) improve the laws and regulations of planting industry.

In accordance with the general idea of "strict registration and approval, improving the mechanism of variety elimination and withdrawal, strengthening the supervision of production and business entities, and strengthening supervision and spot checks and law enforcement", we will speed up the construction of laws and regulations related to production materials such as seeds, fertilizers and pesticides. Accelerate the formulation and revision of the Regulations on Pesticide Management and the Plant Protection Law, and strive for promulgation and implementation. Cooperate with the Agriculture Committee of the National People’s Congress to start the investigation of the revision of the Seed Law, and strive to be included in the legislative revision plan. Revise and issue the supporting regulations of the Seed Law, such as the Measures for the Examination and Approval of Major Crop Varieties, the Measures for the Administration of Crop Seed Production and Business License, and the Measures for the Administration of Crop Seed Labeling, and the methods for the acceptance and evaluation of cultivated land quality. Do a good job in the investigation of fertilizer legislation, and promote the management and construction of agriculture according to law.

　　Grandpa’s tea has a taste called home.

　　Lu Yu’s tea is said to be neither famous nor profitable.

　　Grandpa’s tea tastes good.

　　Lu Yu’s tea is like a splash-ink landscape painting.

　　The sandstorm of the Tang dynasty for thousands of years is still blowing.

　　— — Vincent fang and Jay Chou’s Tea Made by Grandpa (Excerpt)

　　When I was young, I listened to "Grandpa’s Tea" sung in the streets and lanes, so I liked to sip the jasmine tea that Grandpa had just brewed. In the sweet tea fragrance, I guessed the appearance of Lu Yu thousands of years ago and wondered whether the landscape-like Tang tea was as elegant and free as him. Until today, I saw a seemingly unremarkable model of white porcelain tea set in the "Ancient China" exhibition hall of China National Museum, and finally understood Lu Yu’s unique, lofty and carefree elegance.

　　White porcelain tea set and Lu Yu statue

　　Five Dynasties (907-— 960)

　　It was unearthed in Tangxian County, Hebei Province.

　　Collected by China National Museum.

　　At present, this set of tea sets is rich in categories, including an air-stove tea pot for boiling tea, a tea mortar for grinding tea powder, a slag bucket for holding tea residue and a tea bottle for ordering tea, and a white porcelain portrait with a long scroll in hand. If you look at it carefully and listen to it, you will find that every little thing seems to be telling the story of tea.

　　Since Lu Yu was born in the world, the world has learned from each other.

　　— — Song Mei Yaochen

　　This set of tea sets is mostly used for decocting tea in Tang Dynasty. What is interesting is this white porcelain portrait. Who is the portrait and why is it put with the tea set? Scholars began to speculate.

　　It is recorded in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, Biography of Hermitage: "When you drink tea, you will be worshipped as a tea god when you are in the shape of Tao Yu." It turned out that because of the far-reaching influence of the Book of Tea written by Lu Yu, since the late Tang Dynasty, tea sellers have regarded Lu Yu as a sacrifice to the tea god and also offered a small statue to put in a tea stall. At that time, whenever tea ware was bought to a certain amount, the store would give away a statue of Lu Yu, which was similar to the means of sales promotion of today’s merchants. This figurine was unearthed together with this tea set model, so it is supposed to be Lu Yu, the tea god with the Tea Classic.

　　▲ Lu Yu porcelain statue.

　　Although the tea culture in China has a long history, according to the literature records, early tea may have been used as a food. As a special beverage, it should be no later than the Western Han Dynasty. By the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, tea had once become a luxury drink, which was a symbol of scholar-officials boasting of simplicity.

　　After the Sui and Tang Dynasties, tea became more popular, from the royal family down to the common people, all loved tea, and tasting and discussing tea became a fashion. However, it was not until Lu Yu wrote Tea Classic that tea culture was systematically combed and written. Lu Yu was fascinated by tea art, carefully studied the experience of predecessors in making tea, and constantly summed up the practice, creating a book "Tea Classics".

　　▲ Lu Yu’s "Tea Classic" book shadow.

　　The Book of Tea is divided into three volumes and ten sections, which systematically summarizes the knowledge of the origin, production, utensils and other aspects of tea at that time, setting a precedent for Chinese tea art. With the rapid popularization of the Book of Tea, Chinese people are paying more and more attention to the taste of tea itself, which is more elegant, more exquisite and more ceremonial. The appearance of Tea Classic promoted the prevalence of tea ceremony in Tang and Song Dynasties, and influenced every aspect of politics, economy, culture and life in Tang Dynasty and later generations, becoming one of the three largest tea books in the world.

　　Gong Le Tu is partially anonymous.

　　The painting reflects the elegant scene of tea and drinking by the court ladies in the Tang Dynasty, and the ladies hold it as porcelain tea set of Yueyao.

　　Yueyao green glazed lotus leaf with tea cup

　　Tang (618— 907)

　　Unearthed in Heyi Road, Ningbo City in 1975

　　Collection of Ningbo Museum

　　As soon as the fragrant spring is combined with milk, it is fried to make the beads boil.

　　— — Don Pi Rixiu

　　The way of drinking tea in Tang Dynasty was different from today. Instead of soaking, it was boiled. When drinking tea, first crush the tea cake into tea powder, boil the water from the pot and always pay attention to the boiling degree of the water. When it boils, it will be "seasoned with salt". When it boils, a bowl of water will be filled out, and the tea powder will be put into the pot for boiling. When it boils again, it will be poured back into the pot to "cultivate its beauty". When the tea soup is cooked, share it with everyone and drink it while it is hot. If you want to cook a good pot of tea, it is necessary to have an air furnace and a tea pot. The first words in The Four Instruments of Tea Classic show their importance.

　　▲ "Xiao Yi Earns Lanting Map" (partial) was passed on to Yan Liben in Tang Dynasty.

　　Tea drinking in the Tang Dynasty is elegant, and the temperature of boiling water is quite particular. "The Five Boils of Tea Classics" said: "It boils like a fish’s eye, with a slight sound as one boiling, and the edge of it is like a spring and beads as two boiling, and the waves are three boiling." There are also many descriptions of boiling water in Tang poems, such as "rabbit hair is light and fragrant, and shrimp eye soup is fine and full of waves" (Lv Yan’s Dayun Temple Tea Poetry); Another example is "a fragrant spring with milk, fried and boiled." When you look at the crab’s eyes splashing, you can see the scales rising at first sight "(Pi Rixiu’s" Tea in Tea "). "Shrimp’s Eye", "Crab’s Eye", "Fishes" and "Spring and Beads" describe the appearance of bubbles rising from small to large in the water before boiling, and the water is already boiling when the waves are surging. The vivid description is not as accurate as the thermometer-type numerical expression today, but it is full of vivid poetry and meaningful aftertaste.

　　Gold-plated lotus petal silver saucer

　　Tang (618— 907)

　　In 1957, Pingkangfang site in Tang Chang ‘an City, Xi ‘an, Shaanxi Province was unearthed.

　　Collected by China National Museum.

　　The words "Zuo ce makes the house tea storehouse" are engraved in the saucer foot.

　　When I woke up at noon, I only felt the silence of the earth, and the sound of a cup of tea when the new tea was smashed in the bamboo grove.

　　— — Tang Liu Zongyuan

　　The tea mortar in the tea set is shallow and has no glaze on the inner wall, so it should be used for grinding tea powder. In the Tang Dynasty, tea cakes must be crushed into tea powder before they can be decocted in water. Therefore, grinding tools such as mortar, grinding and grinding are essential. Liu Zongyuan, who loves tea, also wrote "Shan Tong knocks on the tea mortar across the bamboo" in My Occasional Works in Summer and Day.

　　▲ Tang Dynasty Yue Kiln Celadon Teapot.

　　In the Song and Yuan Dynasties, the tradition of making tea with tea powder in the Tang Dynasty was continued, and images such as tea mortar were common in poems and murals in the Song and Yuan Dynasties. After the tea-boiling method rose in Ming and Qing dynasties, tea no longer needed grinding and drinking, and the tea mortar slowly withdrew. However, today, many places still retain the tradition of tea smashing, and we can still see the figure of tea mortar in the tools of tea smashing.

　　▲ Gannan Hakka tea.

　　The more common tea grinding tool is the tea mill. "The Four Instruments of Tea Classics" says that "the grinding trough is best made of orange wood, followed by pear wood, Sang Mu, tung wood and zhe wood." Recently, many ceramic tea mills have been discovered in archaeology. It can be seen that in the Tang Dynasty, tea ceremony flourished, and tea mills made of ceramics, wood and stone were more convenient to use and spread.

　　In 1987, the discovery of the underground palace of the Tangta in Famen Temple made the royal treasure that had been treasured for more than 1000 years reappear in the world. A complete set of Tang Dynasty court tea set was unearthed in the underground palace, which is the earliest, highest grade and most complete court tea set known today. In the underground palace, the "Monument to the Clothing Account of the Gifted Props and Gifts of the Real Person" was also unearthed, which recorded in detail the names and other information of the objects to be worshipped, among which there was a set of exquisite grinding tools: the gold-plated flower silver enamel shaft and the gold-plated Hongyan tattooed silver tea trough. The shaft and the tea trough are used in a complete set, and the usage is similar to that of grinding herbs with traditional Chinese medicine today. The shaft is covered with gold-plated flowers and the silver-plated tea trough is covered with gold-plated Hongyan, which is magnificent and represents the highest level at that time.

　　Gold-plated silver ball shaft, gold-plated Hongyan tattoo silver tea trough

　　In 1987, the back room of the Tangta underground palace of Famen Temple in Fufeng County, Shaanxi Province was unearthed.

　　Famen Temple Museum

　　The fire in the soup bottle speaks for itself, and the wine lamp is the first to make spring.

　　— — Song Yang Wanli

　　Tea bottles, also known as soup bottles, are used for heating or holding hot water. Tea bottles are generally short-flowing, and may be mixed with holding pots for pouring warm wine at first, and then slowly separated from wine utensils. A porcelain vase unearthed in Xi ‘an, Shaanxi Province in the third year of Taihe in the Tang Dynasty (AD 829) was similar in shape to a pot-holding one, with an ink book at the bottom.

　　The words "home tea club bottle" show that at the latest in the middle Tang Dynasty, this kind of holding pot has been used as the exclusive tea bottle for tea sets.

　　Tea bottles were generally not needed when frying tea in the Tang Dynasty, and there was no relevant record in Tea Classic, but it was an indispensable part of tea ordering in the late Tang Dynasty. When ordering tea, first boil water in a bottle, put the tea powder in a bowl, then hold the bottle and pour water into the bowl to make tea, and then blow it properly.

　　Lushan kiln snow ash glaze soup bottle

　　Tang (618— 907)

　　Collected by China National Museum.

　　The process of tea-ordering and water injection is somewhat similar to that of hand-brewing coffee today. When water is injected, it is necessary to control both the water flow speed and the water quantity, and the amount and weight of each water injection are particular. It turned out that the flow of holding the pot was short, and the water quantity and speed were difficult to control, so it was difficult to meet the demand. So the flow began to lengthen slowly, and the volume of the tea bottle gradually decreased, making it lighter and easier to order.

　　According to Mr. Sun Ji’s textual research, the white porcelain tea set and Lu Yu statue in the National Museum of China, the tea bottle and the tea pot came out together, "showing that it was in the period of alternating frying tea and ordering tea". A small tea set, not only let us appreciate the elegant demeanour of fried tea in Tang Dynasty, but also get a glimpse of the rise of tea and feel the continuous development and evolution of China tea culture.

　　Poetry is not tired of pounding fragrant teas, and it is appropriate to listen to elegant plays on the spur of the moment.

　　— — Japan’s Emperor Xie ‘e

　　1500 years ago, with the spread of Chinese culture, tea culture gradually went to the world. In the Tang Dynasty, Japanese monks Zuichi, Konghai and others sailed across the sea, came to China to study culture, and brought China’s tea drinking method and tea seeds back to Japan.

　　Emperor Emei (Hong Ren, year 810-824) admired Chinese culture and loved tea. He not only ordered the planting of tea trees, but also left a poem "Never tire of pounding fragrant teas when reciting poems, but should listen to elegant plays on the spur of the moment". Under the vigorous promotion of Emperor Xie, there appeared a trend of imitating Chinese’s tea tasting among Japanese aristocrats, and later generations called it "Hong Ren Tea Style" because of its year number "Hong Ren". During the Silla period in North China, tea culture was imported in an all-round way, and tea was spread and developed from the upper class, monks and scribes to the people, and tea was planted and made. Tea culture has thus developed into a distinctive feature of East Asian culture.

　　"Liu Yu bubble tea, I heard that fame and fortune don’t take, he took a thin horse in the end of the world. The sandstorm of the Tang Dynasty for thousands of years is still blowing. " In fact, it’s not only the wind and sand that has crossed the Millennium, but also the fragrant tea that Chinese is attached to. Chinese loves tea, its elegant and mellow character, the lingering aftertaste and the lingering smell of home. As Mr. Lin Yutang once wrote, "As long as there is a teapot, Chinese is happy everywhere."

　　About the author:

　　Yang Yue, Ph.D. in history, is an associate researcher at the National Museum of China. He is mainly engaged in exhibition planning and implementation, museum policy research, etc. He has presided over or participated in many key projects of the National Social Science Fund and cultural think tank projects, and has published articles such as Archaeological Observation of the Zodiac Pattern in the Epitaph of Liao Dynasty, Comparative Analysis of the Tombs of Xianbei and Han People in Luoyang Area, and Textual Research on Wuchuan Military and Political Affairs in the Northern Dynasties.

　　Producer | Xiao Jingfang Yang Xinhua

　　Overall planning | Weng Huainan Liang Li

　　Editor | Liang Li Yu Ling

　　Production | Hu Qi