Review on the Development of Bio-agriculture Industry during the Twelfth Five-year Plan Period

　

　　Bio-agriculture refers to a new industry formed by using modern biotechnology to carry out subversive technological breakthroughs, develop core products with market competitiveness, integrate technologies and products, and provide technical and material support for agricultural production around the key links of the whole industrial chain, such as animal and plant variety breeding, health protection and high-efficiency nutrition. Bio-agriculture is divided into animal and plant seed industry, animal and plant health industry and animal and plant nutrition industry, which is a strategic and basic core industry of the country.

　　During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, significant breakthroughs were made in the research and development of high-efficiency large-scale genetic transformation technologies such as cotton, rice, corn, soybeans, wheat, cows and pigs. The market value of crop seed industry reached 111.3 billion yuan, and the market value of livestock and poultry aquaculture seed industry reached 322.6 billion yuan, ranking second in the world. Leading enterprises in seed industry have begun to appear, and a number of leading enterprises in crop seed industry and leading enterprises in livestock and poultry seed industry have been formed, and the market share of the top 50 crop seed industries has increased to over 30%. The amount and output of livestock and poultry aquaculture are among the highest in the world. At present, the average annual output value of feed enzyme preparation reaches 2 billion yuan, and more than 150 excellent functional strains of bio-fertilizer have been used, making it the highest in the world. China can produce more than 500 kinds of pesticides. The total market value of biological feed industry reaches 18 billion yuan per year, and it is increasing at an average annual rate of 20%.

　　First, the two-line method has made a major breakthrough in the utilization technology of crop heterosis, ranking the international leading level.

　　Breeding techniques such as heterosis utilization, molecular breeding, distant hybridization, somatic cell culture, ploidy breeding and mutation breeding of main crops in China have been continuously upgraded, integrated and innovated, forming a relatively complete breeding technology system. Great progress has been made in the breeding technology of mid-season indica hybrid rice in the Yangtze River valley, which has overcome the technical problem of narrow genetic basis for the utilization of traditional heterosis of rice, and the yield per mu of the cultivated hybrid rice "Y Liangyou No.2" has reached 926.6 kg. A new type of Honglian cytoplasmic male sterile rice was created by early distant hybridization between Honglian wild rice and farmer variety Liantang, and the mechanism of Honglian cytoplasmic male sterility was found out, which solved the important scientific problem of fertility restoration of Honglian strong dominant sterile line, established the breeding technology system of Honglian hybrid rice and created a number of Honglian strong dominant hybrid rice. After more than 40 years of success in three-line hybrid rice, China’s original "Research and Application of Two-line Hybrid Rice Technology" won the National Science and Technology Progress Award in 2013. The technical system of China two-line hybrid wheat has realized the material discovery, theoretical establishment, technical breakthrough and industrial application, laying a foundation for the large-scale popularization of hybrid wheat. A number of strong heterosis rice hybrids Liaoyou 9906 and Luxiang 658, strong heterosis wheat hybrid Chuanmai 59, strong heterosis cotton hybrids Zhongmiansuo 86 and Zhongmiansuo 84, and strong heterosis corn Longdan 62 increased their yield by more than 15% in the regional test. The research and application of heterosis of main crops in China is generally in the leading position in the world.Especially, rice, rape, cotton and wheat are the most prominent in the utilization of heterosis in large areas and the creation of hybrid breeding system.

　　Two, to create a number of breakthrough varieties, to ensure national food security and effective supply of agricultural products to provide effective support.

　　During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, more than 3,100 new varieties have been selected and approved in China, and 1.5 billion mu have been extended to the main producing areas. In 2014, Y Liangyou 900, a hybrid rice with strong dominance, set a world record with a large area yield of 1,026.7 kg, and achieved the breeding goal of 1,000 kg per mu in the fourth phase of super rice in China. Longjing 31, a new super rice variety, has high yield, high rice yield, outstanding large-scale production performance and great development potential, and has been popularized for 7.66 million mu. The soybean variety Zhonghuang 13 set a high yield record of 312.4 kg per mu in Huang-Huai-Hai area. Thirty-seven excellent varieties were newly bred by molecular breeding technology, including new rice varieties Wufengyou 615, Guangliangyou 272, Ningjing 3, Zhongdao No.1, F You 498, and new wheat variety Zhongmai 175. The breeding of Jingfen No.2, Dawufen No.1 and grain-saving laying hens has greatly increased the market share of domestic laying hens, and the market share of domestic laying hens has exceeded 50%. The lean Z-type Peking Duck has been transferred to leading enterprises such as Shandong New Hope Liuhe Group and Inner Mongolia Safiya Group, with a direct economic benefit of 8 million yuan, accounting for about 40% of the national large-scale meat ducks.

　　Third, an efficient breeding technology system was constructed, which improved the overall breeding level of agriculture, forestry, animals and plants in China.

　　The combination of new breeding technology and traditional breeding methods has accelerated the breeding process of agriculture, forestry, animals and plants and achieved remarkable results. The creation of high-frequency maize induction lines and the establishment of haploid automatic identification technology have achieved the breakthrough and large-scale application of the core technology of haploid breeding of strong heterosis maize hybrids in China. A new "rod-shaped" mutant germplasm suitable for high-density planting and mechanical harvesting was found in rapeseed, which provided material support for rape breeding and mechanized production with strong heterosis and plant type, and had a breakthrough significance for rape plant type breeding and planting system reform. Important progress has been made in the development of crop molecular breeding technology. 137 genes with great breeding value such as insect resistance, disease resistance, stress resistance, herbicide resistance, ideal plant type and high yield have been cloned and applied to variety molecular improvement. It is worth pointing out that scientists in China have cloned a number of functional genes with important application prospects in rice breeding, including yield trait genes GS3, GW2, GW8, GS5, Ghd7, GN4, indica-japonica wide compatibility gene S5, photosensitive sterile gene pms3, tillering control gene TE, dwarf gene D53, drought-resistant and salt-tolerant genes SKC1, SNAC1, and pest-resistant genes Xa13, SnaC1.A number of functional genes with important breeding value, such as Bph14, Bph27, Pigm, EPSP synthase, IPA1 and DEP1, have been widely used, and the research on rice gene cloning is leading in the world. In 2014-2015, there were 16 important rice gene cloning papers published in top international journals, including 11 in China, accounting for 69%. 628 functional molecular markers were obtained, and 57 new materials were resistant to diseases and insect pests. Efficient molecular marker-assisted breeding technology was established, in which the efficiency of molecular breeding for chronic diseases of wheat was improved by three times. The 6K and 60K rice genome-wide breeding chips invested and developed by Zhongzhong Group are the first rice genome-wide breeding chips in the world, which have three advantages: covering the whole genome with marker sites, accurately selecting intermediate materials and shortening the breeding cycle, and will lead a revolutionary upgrade in the field of rice variety cultivation and quality inspection in China. A number of maize haploid induction lines with an induction rate of more than 8% were developed, the doubling technique was optimized, and a practical and efficient maize haploid breeding technology system was established and applied to breeding practice. The mechanism and mode of mutation induced by space environment and ground simulated space environment elements are expounded, and a new system of space engineering breeding technology of "continuous selection and directional tracking screening of multi-generation mixed lines" is established. The design of ground simulated space mutation target room and sample processing procedures such as high-energy mixed particle irradiation and physical field treatment were optimized, and the technical methods of ground simulated space environment mutation breeding were improved.Continue to improve the microspore culture technology of cabbage and Chinese cabbage, the somatic cell fusion technology of cabbage and mustard, and the anther culture technology system of pepper, and establish the microspore culture, somatic cell fusion and anther culture technology system. Haploid induction, space mutation breeding, conventional breeding and heterosis utilization were combined to create 210 specific new germplasm on corn, rice, wheat, cotton, vegetables and other crops. Important progress has been made in the construction of high-generation breeding parents and polyploid breeding technology for forest and fruit trees, which has significantly shortened the breeding cycle. In animal breeding, a fast and accurate new method for estimating the breeding value of TA-BLUP genome and a strategy for genome selection of low-density SNP chip are proposed. A high-density SNP chip genotyping data analysis platform with independent intellectual property rights was established, in which the accuracy of marine biological typing was improved by 20% compared with the international level. A molecular and cell breeding technology system based on genome-wide selection and embryo engineering technology has been established, which has been initially applied to the breeding of dairy cows and breeding pigs, marking that China dairy cattle breeding technology ranks among the world’s breeding powers.

　　Fourth, the innovation ability of germplasm resources has been significantly improved, providing an important genetic basis for variety breeding.

　　Through collaborative research, China has more than 470,000 agricultural germplasm resources, ranking second in the world, and 15,000 excellent germplasm resources have been identified and screened. The innovation of rice germplasm is leading in the world, the innovation of wheat germplasm with high yield and disease resistance is advanced in the world, and the innovation of maize germplasm has been significantly improved. A database of "molecular identity cards" for crop germplasm has been initially established, including about 30,000 copies of rice, wheat and corn, ranking among the top in the world. The technical regulations, data standards and data control norms for the identification of more than 150 crop germplasm resources were formulated, and the basic agronomic traits of 100% germplasm resources preserved in germplasm banks, nurseries and test-tube seedling banks were identified, and the resistance, stress resistance and quality characteristics of more than 30% stock resources were evaluated. Aiming at the main crops such as rice, wheat, corn, soybean, cotton and rape, a phenotypic accurate identification model with multi-point and efficient data collection has been established for many years, and the identification methods and standards of urgently needed breeding traits such as disease and insect resistance, stress resistance, quality, high nitrogen and phosphorus efficiency and suitability for mechanized operation have been developed, and a few traits have been accurately identified for about 2,000 germplasm resources. An accurate genotyping model based on SNP chip and resequencing technology was established, and the technique of mining important trait genes in germplasm resources by using association analysis technology was gradually popularized and applied in rice, wheat and corn. The description specification, data standard and data quality control specification of main crop germplasm resources were developed, and the database group of crop germplasm resources in China with a total data of 300GB was establishedA series of crop germplasm resources application software systems, such as "China Crop Germplasm Resources Information System (CGRIS)", have realized the information management of crop germplasm resources and the service of sharing materials and information.

　　By means of distant hybridization and induced mutation, the genetic basis of crops will be broadened, and a number of wheat germplasm resources will be created, including new excellent materials with common ice, many flowers and many fruits, new materials for transferring local varieties with high pre-harvest sprouting resistance in Sichuan, new materials for solid lodging-resistant wheat, innovation of parents with resistance to big spike and early maturity, creation and identification of dwarf wheat/Elytrigia elongata translocation lines, creation and identification of new powdery mildew-resistant wheat/rye translocation lines, and dwarf wheat. A number of backbone parent materials Zhou 8425B, Lumai 14, common wheat-tufted wheat 6VS/6AL translocation line and common ice line were created and effectively utilized. It has played an important role in national wheat breeding and become a new backbone parent; 6VS/6AL translocation line, a distant disease-resistant parent of common wheat, is highly resistant to powdery mildew and stripe rust, and has good agronomic characters. Fifteen varieties such as Shimai 14 and Young Mai 18 have been bred as parents. Chuanmai 42 and Chuanmai 47 bred from synthetic wheat have been widely popularized in southwest China. Pubing 3504 and Pubing 3228, new germplasm with many flowers and grains, began to play a role in the cultivation of new wheat varieties.

　　Through cell engineering, transgenic technology and other technologies, fish germplasm innovation ranks in the forefront of the world. Genetic resources with disease resistance, rapid growth and high quality have been obtained. At present, there are only a few families of genetically modified economic fish with stable inheritance in the world. China has successfully bred homozygotes and their families with completely independent intellectual property rights, with fast growth and high feed conversion efficiency. Disease-resistant grass carp was produced on a large scale by crossing gynogenetic grass carp with common grass carp. From 2011 to 2015, 600 million disease-resistant grass carp fry were demonstrated and popularized, which produced remarkable economic and social benefits.

　　Five, a major breakthrough was made in the research of functional genes of animals and plants, which effectively supported the development of animal and plant breeding technology.

　　China took the lead in constructing the whole genome sequence frame map of rice, wheat A and D chromosomes, cotton, rape, cucumber, Chinese cabbage, cabbage, watermelon, etc., and resequenced many crops, identified a number of important genome segments and developed related molecular markers, constructed the ultra-high density genetic map of major crops, and promoted the exploration of important genes such as pest resistance, stress resistance, high quality and high yield of major crops such as rice and wheat. Based on the research platforms of functional genomics, proteomics and metabonomics, the molecular basis of yield, plant type, quality, resistance and fertility of rice, wheat, corn, cotton, rape and cucumber was preliminarily analyzed, and the method and theoretical basis of variety improvement were innovated. A stable and efficient TILLING molecular mutation breeding platform for rice and wheat was established. Using the new generation DNA sequencing technology, the method of Qualcomm quantitative genotype identification was first developed, and the rapid location of quantitative trait QTLs of Qualcomm quantity based on sequencing was realized. Compared with the molecular marker widely used at present, it is 20 times faster and 35 times more accurate. A new breakthrough has been made in gene expression regulation technology, and the technical system of CRISPR/Cas9 genome fixed-point editing of plants and animals has been established for the first time, and it has been successfully applied to rice and wheat.

　　In the field of agricultural animals, the genome sequencing of oysters, carp, grass carp, Beijing duck and other animals was completed, and the first fine sequence map and high-density variation map of oysters, carp, grass carp, duck and cashmere goat were constructed, which promoted the evolution and functional genome research of shellfish, fish and waterfowl; The revelation of duck immune genetic mechanism laid a theoretical foundation for poultry disease-resistant breeding. Complete the comparative genome sequencing of Tibetan pigs and Rongchang pigs, establish a joint analysis platform of agricultural animal transcriptomics and proteomics, and a platform for disease resistance gene mining and molecular marker selection and evaluation, and identify a number of functional genes of important economic traits of pigs, cattle and sheep. Breaking through the bottleneck of sequencing technology with high complexity of marine invertebrate genome, the oyster genome sequence was obtained, which initially revealed the molecular mechanism of network regulation for oyster to maintain homeostasis in vivo. In the field of fruits and flowers, the world’s first genome sequence splicing and annotation of Dangshan crisp pear, sweet orange and Phyllostachys pubescens was completed, and the first fine genome map of plum blossom was constructed. These research results have been published in the top international journals Nature and Nature Genetics, which indicates that China has made a major breakthrough in gene resource mining and reached the international advanced level.

　　Six, the development of bio-agriculture Industry-University-Research tube combination mode runs efficiently.

　　During the "Twelfth Five-Year Plan" period, we will further improve and establish a variety of fruitful bio-agricultural collaborative research development models that closely combine the "Industry-University-Research Management". In the past five years, the top 15 varieties of food crops have been almost all the results of joint research by major superior scientific research units, universities and enterprises. The research, development and popularization of maize variety Zhengdan 958 and wheat variety Aikang 58 are successful models. The wheat variety Bainong Aikang 58, which won the first prize of national scientific and technological progress in 2013, was jointly developed by Henan Institute of Science and Technology and five companies, including Henan Zhongzhong Lianfeng Seed Industry, and built a "chief+core" achievement popularization model. The breeder and variety right unit are the "chief experts and chief extension units" for achievement transformation, responsible for ensuring the original seed and supporting technologies, and five major companies, including Henan Zhongzhong Lianfeng Seed Industry and Henan Huafeng Seed Industry, are the "core extension enterprises". Regional responsibility has increased the popularization speed by 8-10 times compared with the traditional model, and the annual maximum planting area has reached more than 43 million mu, which has become a successful example of rapid transformation of wheat scientific research results. In animals, a commercial breeding model combining Industry-University-Research was initially formed. For example, the cultivation of high-quality layers "Jingfen, Jinghong" is a long-term cooperation between Beijing Yukou Poultry Industry Co., Ltd. and China Agricultural University. South China Agricultural University and Guangdong Wenshi Food Group have successfully cultivated and popularized Huanong Wenshi No.1 pig mating line, with a scale of more than 10 million pigs.

　　Seven, the innovation ability of bio-agricultural enterprises has improved significantly.

　　The application of new frontier technologies in biological breeding, the construction of variety test system and the application of information management system of breeding data have greatly improved the commercial breeding ability of seed enterprises, and the cultivation ability of breakthrough new varieties has been significantly improved. Driven by the scientific and technological innovation of global seed industry, the development mode of biological seed industry in China has undergone revolutionary changes, and the standardization and specialization of seed production and the commercialization rate of seeds have been greatly improved; The independent innovation ability of enterprises has been significantly enhanced, and a number of leading enterprises and scientific and technological enterprises with integrated education, reproduction and promotion have developed rapidly; The concentration of seed industry has been continuously improved. At present, the market share of the top 50 enterprises in crop seed industry has increased to 32.8%. The market value of crop seed industry in China reached 111.3 billion yuan, livestock and poultry seed industry reached 322.6 billion yuan, both ranking second in the world, and the market value of forest seed industry was estimated to reach 200 billion yuan. Longping Hi-Tech Seed Industry established Longping Hi-Tech Seed Industry Science Research Institute on the basis of Hunan Yahua Seed Industry Science Research Institute, and established an enterprise-oriented and market-oriented group independent research and development system. Relying on the two-line hybrid rice variety breeding technology developed by Academician Yuan Longping and other teams, a number of hybrid rice varieties with independent intellectual property rights, such as Fengliangyou No.1 and Xinliangyou No.6, with a cumulative promotion area of more than 10 million mu, have been successfully bred through the extensive application of the joint research mode of science and enterprise. At the same time, a number of leading enterprises with integrated breeding, breeding and promotion with strong independent research and development capabilities, such as Longping Hi-Tech, Fengle Seed Industry and Golden Nonghua, have also been cultivated.

　　Enterprises such as Zhongzhong Group and Denghai Seed Industry take the research and industrialization of excellent new varieties such as Jingke 968 as the common interest point, and the research and development consortium of new corn varieties in Beijing National Modern Agricultural Science and Technology City, which is jointly established by superior scientific research units, not only promotes the rapid popularization of varieties, but also ensures the stable performance growth of enterprises. Shandong Luyan Company cooperated with Crop Research Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences to promote the wheat variety Jimai 22, which not only created huge economic benefits, but also made Shandong Luyan develop into one of the largest professional wheat seed enterprises in China.

　　The agglomeration effect of seed industry innovation elements in biological seed industry enterprises is prominent, and the independent innovation and biological service capabilities of enterprises are rapidly improved. For example, Huada Gene has integrated a large platform from genome to gene mining to molecular breeding, and has accumulated more than 20,000 genome data of agricultural species, with more than 80% of global agricultural genome data; In the aspect of gene mining, relying on the Qualcomm genotyping platform of Huada Gene, more than 300 important agronomic/economic trait control sites have been obtained, and the annual throughput of the platform has reached more than 1000 genes; In molecular breeding, it has been possible to obtain new varieties quickly in two years and five generations, and more than 15 new strains and varieties have been obtained. Based on Qualcomm quantitative genome sequencing and information analysis, BGI genome-wide molecular breeding technology platform uses high-density genetic map rapid construction and trait-related gene location, uses conventional breeding methods of hybridization and backcross, and uses genome-wide high-density molecular markers to carry out precise selection breeding of excellent individual plants, which will break through the bottleneck of long period, poor predictability and low selection efficiency of traditional breeding, and make rapid, efficient and controllable precise breeding methods possible, with great potential for popularization and application.

　　In addition, Zhongyu Jinbiao (Beijing) Biotechnology Co., Ltd., which was jointly established by eight corn enterprises with the core of Beidahuang Kenfeng Seed Industry Co., Ltd. and Chinese jade enterprises, and Huazhi Rice Biotechnology Co., Ltd., which was jointly founded by 12 influential seed companies in China rice seed industry, including Longping Hi-Tech, Shennong Dafeng, Fengle Seed Industry and Zhongzhong Group, applied molecular breeding to serve seed enterprises to create the market in the shortest time.

　　Eight, the rapid development of bio-agricultural industrialization has improved the ability of food security in China.

　　Driven by the strategic emerging industry policy and a series of special projects, the national biological seed industry enterprises have achieved initial results in integrating the existing regional seed resources, innovating the seed industry development model, promoting the integration of breeding, reproduction and promotion, and enhancing the sustainable development capability of China biological breeding industry. The corn varieties Demeiya No.1 and No.3, which were bred and approved by the Northern Wilderness Kenfeng Seed Industry and the superior science and education units, have the characteristics of early maturity, high quality, high yield, disease resistance, density tolerance, lodging resistance and suitability for mechanized harvesting, and have created new breakthroughs in corn planting in cold, high latitude and cold areas, in planting density, in the yield of early-maturing varieties and in cultivation measures. The industrialization of these varieties is 100 billion Jin of grain in Heilongjiang Province. Shandong Luyan Company planted 42 million mu of wheat varieties in and out of the province with this special promotion, increasing production by 840 million kg and increasing social benefit by 1.76 billion yuan. While promoting farmers to increase production and income, it is of great significance to improve the national wheat production capacity, break the threat of foreign seed industry to China’s domestic market and ensure national food security.

　　Modern biological seed industry is a complete industrial chain, including germplasm innovation, variety breeding, seed production, seed processing and seed marketing. The essence of seed industry competition is the competition of scientific and technological innovation strength, and the focus of competition has expanded from varieties to genetic resources and patented technology. First of all, how to combine traditional biological breeding with modern biotechnology has become the key to establish the scientific and technological innovation system of seed industry. It is necessary to persistently promote the project of improving biological breeding ability, accelerate the creation of new breeding materials and the improvement of existing breeding resources, and realize the industrial upgrading and transformation of crop breeding from traditional empirical breeding to scientific and precise breeding. Secondly, continue to promote the upgrading project of R&D infrastructure, further supplement and improve the facilities and equipment of commercial breeding system, strengthen the scientific and information construction of variety testing points, build and form a crop breeding system in the whole ecological region, and support the rapid development of commercial breeding R&D; Third, we should further explore new ideas of utilizing and integrating the superior resources of existing scientific and educational institutions, promote the creation and industrialization of major new varieties, speed up the creation of new varieties and popularize the research of key technologies, enhance the innovation and industrialization capabilities of major varieties of enterprises, accelerate the upgrading of new varieties of national biological breeding and the upgrading of modern seed industry, and continuously enhance the driving force of bio-agricultural industry to support national economic and social development.

　　Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS)

　　Liu luxiang