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　　Guangming Daily, Beijing, March 12th (Reporter Wang Simin) "Unswervingly adhere to China’s basic economic system and promote the healthy development of various ownership economies". In recent days, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader made an important speech on the non-public economy at the joint meeting of members of the Democratic National Construction Association and the Federation of Industry and Commerce at the fourth session of the 12th Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference on March 4th afternoon, which boosted the hearts of the deputies. The deputies deeply felt that the General Secretary’s speech was like a "timely rain", which brought confidence and strength to China’s economic development under the new normal.

　　"Two unwavering" and "three unchanged" are the important policies first reiterated by the General Secretary in his speech. Member Zhou Wenzhang, former vice president of the National School of Administration, believes that this gives some people who hold extreme wrong views an unequivocal answer: any view that wants to unilaterally deny the non-public economy is not in line with the interests of the people and the law of development. Member Qian Yingyi, Dean of Tsinghua University Institute of Economics and Management, echoed it: This reaffirmation shows the consistent position of the CPC Central Committee on the non-public economy, responds to social concerns in a timely manner, and fully affirms the role of private enterprises in economic and social development.

　　"Some private entrepreneurs describe the current difficulties as ‘ Three big mountains ’ : the iceberg of the market, the mountain of financing, and the volcano of transformation. " General Secretary of the Supreme Leader vividly expressed the difficulties in the development of private enterprises. How to move away the "three mountains" and boost private enterprises to accelerate their progress? The deputies have combined their personal experiences and made suggestions. Zhang Minghua, deputy mayor of Ningbo, Zhejiang Province and vice chairman of Zhejiang Provincial Committee of Democratic National Construction Association, took Ningbo as an example to demonstrate the determination and exploration of local governments to support the development of private enterprises and create a good environment for them. In February 2016, Ningbo promulgated "Several Opinions on Further Reducing Enterprise Costs, Reducing Enterprise Burden and Promoting Steady Growth and Adjustment of the Real Economy", and 35 policies with high gold content and strong pertinence reduced fees and burdens for non-public enterprises in the city. After the implementation item by item, the Ningbo Municipal Government reduced the burden on enterprises by more than 20 billion yuan a year.

　　The new political and business relationship between "pro" and "clean" is another highlight in the important speech of the General Secretary. How to understand this definition? The deputies believe that the new relationship between politics and business is a unique expression of "gentleman culture" in the fields of "doing politics" and "doing business", which requires politicians and businessmen to abide by their own gentleman’s ways and Qi Xin to work together to develop the economy. In view of its specific implementation path, the deputies gave suggestions: adhering to the "pro" attitude, strictly adhering to the "clean" ethics, and relying on the rule of law and cultural norms to build a new type of political and business relationship.

　　"Some private entrepreneurs describe the current difficulties as ‘ Three big mountains ’ : the iceberg of the market, the mountain of financing, and the volcano of transformation. " General Secretary of the Supreme Leader recently said at the joint meeting of members of the Democratic National Construction Association and the Federation of Industry and Commerce at the Fourth Session of the 12th National Committee of the Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference. The general secretary stressed that all localities and departments should proceed from reality, refine and quantify policies and measures, formulate relevant supporting measures, and promote the implementation of various policies, so that private enterprises can truly enhance their sense of gain from policies.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader emphasized "two unshakable", reiterated "three unchanged", and defined a new type of political and business relationship with the words "pro" and "clear", which was concise and profound. Facing the new economic normal, how to stimulate the new kinetic energy of the private economy? On behalf of the Committee members, they made suggestions and discussed development plans.

　　1. "Three unchanged" highlights the important position of private economy.

　　● Member Zhou Wenzhang (former vice president of National School of Administration)

　　"Two Unswervings" Reaffirm Policy Principles

　　The 16th National Congress of the Communist Party of China proposed "unswervingly consolidating and developing the public sector of the economy" and "unswervingly encouraging, supporting and guiding the development of the non-public sector of the economy". The 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China further proposed "unswervingly encouraging, supporting and guiding the development of the non-public sector of the economy, and ensuring that all ownership economies use production factors equally according to law, participate in market competition fairly, and be equally protected by law". With the development of non-public economy, relevant theories and policies are becoming more and more perfect and systematic. In his speech, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader reiterated important policy principles and gave some people who hold extreme wrong views an unequivocal answer: any view that wants to unilaterally deny the non-public economy is not in line with the interests of the people and the law of development. Therefore, we should unify our understanding of the non-public economy with the general secretary’s speech, get rid of the ideological entanglement between "public" and "private", and strengthen the policy principle of "two unshakable".

　　(Interview by our reporter Wang Simin)

　　● Member Cai Ling (Minister of Research Department of the Central Committee of Democratic National Construction Association)

　　"Three unchanged" makes private enterprises go into battle lightly.

　　In his important speech at the joint seminar, General Secretary of the Supreme Leader reiterated that "three things have not changed" — — The position and role of the non-public economy in China’s economic and social development have not changed. Our principles and policies of unswervingly encouraging, supporting and guiding the development of the non-public economy have not changed. Our principles and policies of creating a good environment and providing more opportunities for the development of the non-public economy have not changed. In my opinion, this "three unchanged" has a profound meaning. China’s non-public economy has developed under the guidance of the Communist Party of China (CPC)’s principles and policies since the reform and opening up, and it is a road opened up under the leadership of the Communist Party of China. When economic development enters a new normal, the role of non-public ownership economy in stabilizing growth, expanding employment and promoting innovation has become increasingly prominent. With the continuous development of the "double innovation" policy, the number of employees in the individual and private economy has grown steadily, and the non-public economy has shown a booming trend. In the next step, we should give greater support to the non-public economy in the fields of tax reduction, fee reduction and financing, make every effort to promote structural reform on the supply side, reduce the cost and burden of enterprises, and let more private enterprises go into battle lightly.

　　(Interview by our reporter Feng Lei)

　　● Member Zhang Minghua (Deputy Mayor of Ningbo City, Zhejiang Province, Vice Chairman of Zhejiang Provincial Committee of Democratic National Construction Association)

　　Non-public ownership economy has contributed greatly.

　　In his important speech, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader reiterated the "three unchanged" about the non-public economy, which is very targeted. Under the new economic normal, with the changes of economic development stage and environment, the non-public economy has encountered new opportunities and challenges, and financing is difficult and expensive, and market access restrictions are more. Reiterating that the "three things have not changed" will root out the root cause and guide all sectors of society to further correctly understand the importance of the non-public economy. Considering the development of Ningbo to Zhejiang, the non-public economy has contributed to the economic and social development. The non-public economy is an important part of the market economy because of its flexible institutional mechanisms such as employing people and investing, high sensitivity to the market and strong adaptability to the market economy. In many provinces, autonomous regions and municipalities, the proportion of non-public economy has exceeded "half of the country". For example, in Zhejiang, the non-public economy has accounted for more than 70% of GDP, more than 60% of tax revenue, and about 90% of employment. It has become an important force to promote economic transformation and upgrading and promote the overall development of various social undertakings.

　　(Interview by our reporter Wang Simin)

　　● Member Qian Yingyi (Dean of Tsinghua University School of Economics and Management)

　　Relaxing access will usher in new opportunities for the non-public sector of the economy

　　"Two unwavering" and "three unchanged" show the consistent position of the CPC Central Committee on the non-public economy, respond to social concerns in a timely manner, and fully affirm the role of private enterprises in economic and social development. In his speech, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that "efforts should be made to liberalize market access, and all industries and fields that are not explicitly prohibited by laws and regulations should encourage private capital to enter, and all fields that the Chinese government has opened to foreign investment or promised to open should be opened to domestic private capital". This will bring new opportunities to the non-public economy, which is not only a reform measure to stimulate the vitality of the non-public economy, but also a long-term measure to promote supply-side growth. While the government is speeding up the decentralization of power, private enterprises should exert their subjective initiative and innovative spirit, correctly understand and actively adapt to the new normal, and strive for new actions, new promotion and new development under the new normal.

　　(Interview by our reporter Villi)

　　2. Promote policy implementation and boost development confidence

　　● Member Jiangnan (member of the Standing Committee of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce and chairman of Shengfeng Group)

　　Vigorously create an environment for innovation and entrepreneurship development.

　　Some private entrepreneurs describe the current difficulties as "three mountains": the iceberg of the market, the mountain of financing and the volcano of transformation. In his speech, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader confronted the problem and prescribed the right medicine. In my opinion, the key to the next step is to activate the internal potential of private enterprises and vigorously create a development environment for innovation and entrepreneurship — — We will implement the existing preferential policies to encourage private enterprises to innovate, and vigorously promote scientific and technological investment and transformation of scientific and technological achievements. It is necessary to strengthen the cooperation between schools and enterprises, accelerate the construction of public technology platforms such as industrial research institutes, explore the development of mutual-aid enterprise alliances such as science and technology alliances and industrial alliances, build effective R&D systems and mechanisms, establish innovation support systems with private enterprises as the main body, and strive to cultivate the core competitiveness of enterprises. We should also strengthen cooperation among government, banks and enterprises, often introduce key technological transformation projects to financial institutions, build a platform for communication and cooperation, encourage social capital to enter the field of venture capital investment, support enterprises to independently build venture capital platforms, set up angel funds, and encourage industrial capital to enter the field of venture capital.

　　(Interview by our reporter Wang Simin)

　　● Representative Zhou Qiang (Director of Gansu Provincial Development and Reform Commission)

　　Break through the "middle obstruction" and "loosen the burden" for enterprises

　　In his important speech at the joint seminar, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader stressed that it is necessary to further clean up and streamline the administrative examination and approval items and enterprise-related fees involving private investment management, standardize the behavior of intermediate links and intermediary organizations, reduce the burden on enterprises and reduce their costs. We must conscientiously implement it, put down all the approval items that should be released and can be released, get through the "middle obstruction" and "loosen the burden" for enterprises. Last year, we increased the power of decentralization in three aspects: approval and filing of enterprise investment projects, examination and approval of government investment projects, and management of price charges. In the next step, we will continue to improve the online approval and supervision platform for investment projects, make full use of technologies such as the Internet and big data, realize online processing, vertical and horizontal linkage, collaborative service and legal supervision for the approval and supervision of investment projects among various departments, and continuously improve the performance ability and service level of grassroots development and reform departments.

　　(Interview by our reporter Feng Lei)

　　● Member Wang Wenbiao (member of the Standing Committee of Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, vice president of China Civil Chamber of Commerce, chairman of Yili Resources Group Co., Ltd.)

　　Provide policy support for private enterprises to join the ecological industry.

　　"Promote the implementation, refinement and implementation of various policies, so that private enterprises can truly enhance their sense of gain from policies", which is a particularly inspiring sentence in the important speech of the Supreme Leader General Secretary on the non-public economy. The General Secretary of the Supreme Leader clearly pointed out that it is very pragmatic and targeted to make great efforts to solve the financing difficulties of small and medium-sized enterprises and liberalize market access. Yili will accelerate the transformation and upgrading, so that the development of enterprises has confidence, quality and stamina. At the same time, we also hope that private enterprises can get more policy support to participate in eco-industry: first, in the financing of small and medium-sized enterprises, we should provide green credit loans and green bonds with a term of not less than 30 years and government discount or interest of not more than 2% to encourage more enterprises and private capital to actively participate in industrialized ecological poverty alleviation; The second is to support enterprises to participate in the ecological restoration, land restoration and desertification control projects implemented by the government through the government-social capital cooperation (PPP) model; The third is to formulate the implementation rules for private enterprises to participate in the "Belt and Road", so that they can complement the advantages of state-owned enterprises and jointly promote the construction of the "Belt and Road".

　　(Interview by our reporter Wang Simin)

　　● Representative Ma Huateng (Chairman of the Board of Directors of Tencent)

　　Innovation and cooperation to enhance competitiveness

　　General Secretary Supreme Leader’s important speech on the development of China’s non-public economy is a very timely and powerful signal for private enterprises, which gives us great encouragement and confidence. General Secretary Supreme Leader’s speech is rich in information, which not only clearly and powerfully conveys the attitude and direction of vigorously developing the non-public economy, but also accurately and meticulously combs the problems and dilemmas faced by the development of private enterprises at present, and at the same time, points out the measures to break through the predicament, effectively support and promote the faster development of private enterprises. At present, China is facing a complicated international situation and arduous domestic reform, development and stability tasks. The integration of Internet industry and other fields is getting stronger and the competition is extremely fierce. Private enterprises need more innovations in technology, products and services, constantly improve their competitiveness, and at the same time strengthen inter-industry or cross-border cooperation to contribute to the growth of the national economy and stimulate development vitality.

　　(Interview by our reporter Yang Jun)

　　● Representative Lei Jun (Chairman of Xiaomi Company)

　　Break the policy shackles of entrepreneurial innovation

　　In his speech, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader pointed out that "the administrative examination and approval items and enterprise-related fees involving private investment management should be further cleaned up and streamlined" and "the burden on enterprises should be reduced", which made private entrepreneurs very excited. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, the state has implemented a series of policies and measures to simplify administration and decentralize power and optimize services. For example, the reform of the commercial system has played a significant role in reducing enterprise costs and improving the environment for entrepreneurial innovation. In the next step, we look forward to further simplifying the examination and approval process and improving the system to support mass entrepreneurship. For example, some procedural requirements set by company law often become obstacles to shareholders’ free agreement. The company law should return to the principle of "free agreement", accept the contribution of human capital, and solve the limitation of the equity ratio agreement between shareholders; Solve the limitation of program setting in shareholders’ free agreement, fully implement preferred shares and increase the space for shareholders’ free agreement. At the same time, the industrial and commercial filing system of the company’s articles of association will be implemented to improve the entrepreneurial innovation environment and promote mass entrepreneurship and innovation. With the support of modern information technologies such as mobile Internet and cloud computing, China’s economic development will surely reach a new level by deeply implementing the innovation-driven development strategy, breaking all kinds of constraints on individual and enterprise innovation and forming a new situation of "double innovation".

　　(Interview by our reporter Yang Jun)

　　● Member Yan Bingzhu (Chairman of Bank of Beijing)

　　Developing small and medium-sized banks to solve the financing difficulties of small and micro enterprises

　　Economy determines finance, and finance serves economy. At present, the development of small and medium-sized banks in China is still insufficient. In some underdeveloped economic regions, the financial supply is still far from enough, and the financial support for small and micro enterprises and other weak economic links is far from enough, which can not effectively meet the requirements of the times of "mass entrepreneurship and innovation". It is suggested to further increase support for the development of small and medium-sized banks during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period. For example, explore and optimize the classified supervision of banks, innovate and improve the dynamic supervision mode with asset size, capital strength, management ability, supervision rating and business complexity as the main criteria, so that all kinds of banks have the opportunity to "shine". This is also conducive to the banking industry to break the homogenization competition and achieve differentiated and characteristic development. At the same time, it is suggested that small and medium-sized banks actively adapt to the trend of economic restructuring and financial development, fully stimulate the deep potential and infinite vitality of small and medium-sized finance, and help supply-side structural reform.

　　(Interview by our reporter Villi)

　　● Representative You Xiaoping (Chairman of the Board of Directors of Huafeng Group)

　　Let enterprises invest more profits in technological transformation and R&D.

　　General Secretary Supreme Leader’s important speech on the non-public economy has strengthened our confidence. Providing more opportunities for private enterprises and creating a good development environment will help "mass entrepreneurship and innovation" and cultivate and expand the "new kinetic energy" of private enterprises. Difficult and expensive financing is the biggest bottleneck for the development of private enterprises, especially small and medium-sized enterprises. The purpose of financial reform is to build a bridge for a large number of private capital and small and medium-sized enterprises in the real economy Private capital is a flowing river, which can water small and medium-sized enterprises. For example, although Zhejiang has great potential for economic development, it also has shortcomings, such as the industrial structure is still not reasonable. I expect the relevant government departments to study and formulate more breakthrough, innovative and effective policies, further reduce the financing costs of enterprises, and let enterprises invest more profits in technological transformation and research and development, so as to realize the promotion from "Made in China" to "Created in China".

　　(Interview by our reporter Guo Chao)

　　3. Define "the relationship between government and business" and highlight the connotation of "closeness" and "purity"

　　● Representative Yang Herong (Party Secretary and Director of Guangxi Statistics Bureau)

　　Adhering to the attitude of "pro" and strictly adhering to the ethics of "purity"

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader expounded the contemporary new political and business relations with the words "pro" and "clean", clarified the rules and ethics that must be followed in the economy ruled by law, and embodied the firm determination and confidence of the CPC Central Committee in correctly handling political and business relations and fully mobilizing the enthusiasm of all aspects of the society. "Pro" reflects the clear attitude of the CPC Central Committee to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of non-public economic people and give full play to the role of private enterprises; "Qing" embodies the strict requirements of the CPC Central Committee for leading cadres at all levels in terms of political discipline and rules. In real life, we should adhere to the "pro" attitude, strictly adhere to the "clean" ethics, and strive to internalize the two in our hearts and externalize them in our actions, thus forming a political and business relationship that is "as deep as fish and water, as calm as chrysanthemum". The word "pro" and "clear" is a vivid interpretation and image generalization of the relationship between government and business under the new historical conditions, which embodies the best state and internal relationship between them.

　　(Interview by our reporter Zhou Shixing)

　　● Member Xu Guanju (Vice Chairman of the All-China Federation of Industry and Commerce and Chairman of Chuanhua Group)

　　New political and business relationship eliminates enterprise concerns

　　In his speech, the General Secretary of the Supreme Leader clearly expounded the new political and business relations, and eliminated all concerns of entrepreneurs in exchanges with government officials and leading cadres. "Pro" means actively communicating with party committees, governments and departments at all levels, telling the truth, telling the truth, making suggestions and enthusiastically supporting local development. "Clean" means to lead an honest and clean life, take the right path, and do business in a law-abiding and aboveboard manner.

　　I feel that running enterprises according to laws and regulations, being honest and doing things cleanly are the foundation of the development of private economy. We should further fulfill our corporate social responsibilities, get rich and think about the source, actively participate in national strategies such as poverty alleviation, and strive to be a model of "patriotism, dedication, law-abiding management, entrepreneurship and innovation, and returning to society".

　　(Interview by our reporter Yang Jun)

　　● Member Chen Shiqiang (Chairman of Henan Hongchang Group)

　　Building a new political and business relationship depends on the rule of law.

　　General Secretary of the Supreme Leader used the words "pro" and "clean" to define the new political and business relationship, which is very incisive. The "affinity" between politics and business lies in being honest and cooperating closely in order to promote the common goal of reform and economic development. This kind of "pro-"should be sincere and mutual assistance. Especially when entrepreneurs feel the downward pressure of the economy and encounter difficulties in operation today, it is especially necessary for government officials to "act positively and serve first", treat entrepreneurs with the heart of treating their loved ones and support the development of enterprises. At the same time, this kind of "pro" also has a boundary, and this boundary is "Qing".

　　To be "clean", it is necessary to strengthen public interests and eliminate selfishness. The government supports enterprises to be clean and aboveboard, and enterprises must abide by the law and discipline and abide by the right path when treating officials. To build a new relationship between politics and business, we must rely on the power of the rule of law to internalize the "purity" of politics and business, and form a spontaneous and strong cultural pursuit.

　　(Interview by our reporter Yang Jun)

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introduction

The 21st century is a century of complexity, and understanding chaos is the key to explore complexity. In science and engineering, chaos and nonlinear methods have become the main means to study dynamic systems, which have deepened the understanding of many complex system problems such as climate, ecology, brain and epidemic diseases, and have been widely used in turbulence, encryption, data analysis and life sciences. In the social and commercial fields, chaos theory also has many inspirations and applications in communication, transportation, financial markets, diseases and information dissemination. With the further systematic research and wide application of chaos, it is developing from a set of theories to a science.

The Jizhi Academy is specially planned to lead students to approach chaos theory, understand various chaotic systems and try interdisciplinary applications. Nine senior scholars engaged in chaos and related interdisciplinary research are invited as tutors, and the tutor team is led by Chen Guanrong, a famous chaos theorist, a professor at the City University of Hong Kong and an academician of the European Academy of Sciences. Since December 9, 2022, the course will be taught online every Friday night, and the students will answer questions and exchange. There are also series of materials recommended by tutors. See below for details of the course.

Let’s enter the chaotic world together and explore the deterministic laws in uncertain systems!

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catalogue

First, the motivation of attractor

Second, the mathematical definition

Third, the types of attractors

4. Evolution of Attractor Representation System

V. Attraction domain

Six, partial differential equation

VII. Editor’s recommendation

Eight, encyclopedia project volunteer recruitment

In the mathematical field of dynamic systems, attractor is a set of numerical values that the system tends to under many initial conditions. Even if it is slightly disturbed, the system value close to the attractor value can still ensure the approximation.

In finite-dimensional systems, the evolution variables can be algebraically represented as n-dimensional vectors. Attractor is a region in n-dimensional space. In a physical system, n dimension can be two or three position coordinates of one or more physical entities; In the economic system, they can be independent variables, such as inflation rate and unemployment rate.

If the evolution variable is two-dimensional or three-dimensional, the attractor of the dynamic process can be geometrically represented as two-dimensional or three-dimensional (for example, the three-dimensional situation shown on the right). An attractor can be a point, a finite point set, a curve, a manifold, or even a complex set with fractal structure-we call it strange attractor strange attractor (see strange attractor below). If the variable is scalar, then the attractor is a subset of the real axis. It is one of the important achievements of chaos theory to describe the attractor of chaotic dynamical systems.

The trajectory of a dynamic system in an attractor does not have to meet any special constraints if time goes forward. The trajectory may be periodic or chaotic. If a group of points is periodic or chaotic, but the nearby flow is far away from the set, then the set is not an attractor, but a repulsive point (or repulsion point) repeller(or repellor).

Motivation of attractor

We usually use one or more differential equations or difference equations to describe dynamic systems. The equation of a given dynamic system can show its behavior in any given short time. In order to determine the behavior of the system in a long time, we often need to integrate the equation by analytical means or iterative Iteration (usually with the help of a computer).

The dynamic system in the physical world often comes from the dissipative system: if there is no driving force, the motion will stop. (Dissipation may come from internal friction, thermodynamic loss, material loss and many other reasons. When the dissipation and driving force tend to be balanced, the Initial transients will be eliminated and the system will enter its typical state. A subset of the phase space of a dynamic system corresponding to a typical state is an attractor-also called an attractive part.

Invariant sets and limit sets are similar to attractors. Invariant set is a set that evolves to itself under the action of dynamics. Invariant sets may be contained in attractors. The limit set is a set of points, which have a certain initial state, but will approach the limit set arbitrarily as the final time approaches infinity (that is, converge to each point of the set). Attractors are limit sets, but not all limit sets are attractors: some points of the system may converge to the limit set, but points slightly deviating from the limit set may be knocked out and never return to the vicinity of the limit set.

For example, the damped pendulum has two invariant points: the minimum height point x0 and the maximum height point x1. Point x0 is also a limit set, because the trajectory converges to it; Point x1 is not a limit set. Because of the dissipation of air resistance, point x0 is also an attractor. If there is no dissipation, x0 will not have an attractor. Aristotle Aristotle believed that objects only move when they are pushed-this is an early expression of dissipative attractor.

Some attractors are chaotic (see strange attractor). In this case, the evolution of any two different points of the attractor will trigger the exponential divergence trajectory. At this time, even if there is a little noise in the system, the prediction will become complicated.

mathematic definition

Let t represent time and f (t,) be a function of the specified system dynamics. That is, if a is a point in the n-dimensional phase space that represents the initial state of the system, then f (0, a) = a. For the positive value of t, f(t,a) is the result of the evolution of the state after t time units. For example, if the system describes the evolution of a free particle in a one-dimensional space, then the phase space is a plane R2 with coordinates (x,v), where x is the position of the particle, v is the velocity of the particle, and a = (x,v), which is given by

The cycle of attraction period -3 and its direct attraction domain for f(z) = z2+c parameterization. The three darkest points are 3-cycle points, which are connected with each other in sequence, and the iteration from any point in the attraction domain will converge (usually gradually) to the sequence of these three points.

　

The attractor is a subset of the phase space-this requires the following three conditions:

"A" is "forward invariant" in "F": if "A" is an element of "A", it is also true for all "T" > 0, and "F" ("T", "A").

There is an "attraction domain" whose neighborhood is called "A", which is denoted as "B" ("A"), and it is composed of all "B" points, which "enter" A "at the limit t → ∞. More formally, "b" ("a") is the set of all points "b" in the phase space and has the following characteristics:

For any open neighborhood "n" of "a", there is a normal number "t", so t”>“T for all real numbers "t" > "t", there is f(t,b)∈N,.

There is no true (non-empty) subset with the first two attributes in’ a’.

Since the attraction domain contains an open set containing "A", every point close enough to "A" will be attracted by "A". The definition of attractor uses a measure in phase space, but the result usually depends only on the topological structure of phase space. In the case of Rn, we usually use Euclidean norm.

Other definitions of attractor appear in the literature. For example, some authors require the attractor to have a positive measure (to prevent a point from becoming an attractor), while others weaken the requirement that B(A) be a neighborhood.

Types of attractors

An attractor is a part or subset of the phase space of a dynamical system. Until 1960s, attractors were regarded as simple geometric subsets of phase space-like points, lines, surfaces and simple three-dimensional space. More complex attractors can not be classified as simple geometric subsets, such as topological wild sets-although known at that time, they were considered as ingenious anomalies. Steven Smale Stephen Smale can prove that his horseshoe map is stable and its attractor has Cantor set structure.

Fixed point and limit cycle are two simple attractors. Attractors can take on many geometric shapes (subsets of phase space). But when these sets (or their motions) cannot be simply described as simple combinations (such as intersection and union) of basic geometric objects (such as lines, surfaces, spheres, torus and manifolds), this attractor is called "strange attractor".

stationary point

Weak attractive fixed points of complex numbers evolved from complex quadratic polynomials. The phase space is a horizontal complex plane; The vertical axis measures the frequency of visiting points in the complex plane. The point directly below the peak frequency in the complex plane is the fixed point attractor.

A fixed point of a function or transformation is a point that can be mapped to itself through a function or transformation. If we regard the evolution of a dynamic system as a series of transformations, there may or may not be a fixed point in each transformation. The final state of the dynamic system corresponds to the attraction fixed point of the evolution function of the system, such as the center and bottom position of the damping pendulum, the horizontal and flat lines of the sloshing water in the glass, and the marble rolling in the center of the bottom of the bowl. But the fixed point of a dynamic system is not necessarily the attractor of the system. For example, if a bowl filled with rolling marble is inverted and the marble reaches equilibrium at the top of the bowl, the central bottom of the bowl (now the top) is a fixed state but not an attractor. This is equivalent to the difference between stable equilibrium point and unstable equilibrium point. If a marble is at the top of an inverted bowl (mountain), the point at the top of the bowl (mountain) is a fixed point (balance), but it is not an attractor (stable balance).

In addition, due to the reality of dynamics in the physical world-including viscosity, friction, surface roughness, deformation (elasticity and plasticity) of nonlinear dynamics, and even quantum mechanics-a physical dynamic system with at least one fixed point always has multiple fixed points and attractors. Back to the example of marble on the top of the inverted bowl, even if the bowl looks perfect hemispherical and the marble is normal spherical, their surfaces are actually very complicated when observed under the microscope, and their shapes change during contact. Any physical surface can be regarded as a rugged terrain composed of many peaks, valleys, saddle points, ridges, canyons and plains. There are many points in this surface topography (and the dynamic system of the same rough marble rolling on this micro-topography) that are considered to be static or motionless, and some of them are classified as attractors.

Limited points

In a discrete-time system, attractors can appear in the form of a finite number of points-these points can be accessed in turn. Where each point is called a periodic point. The logic diagram illustrates this point. According to its specific parameter value, for any value of "n", there can be attractors consisting of 2n points, 3×2n points, etc.

Limit cycle

The limit cycle is the periodic orbit of a continuous dynamic system, and it is an isolated point. For example, the swing of the clock and the heartbeat at rest. The limit cycle of an ideal pendulum is not an example of a limit cycle attractor, because its orbit is not isolated: in the phase space of an ideal pendulum, there is another point near any point of a periodic orbit belonging to a different periodic orbit, so the previous orbit is not attractive.

Van der Pol phase diagram: an attractive limit cycle

Limit cycle

There may be multiple frequencies in the periodic trajectory of a system in a limit cycle state. For example, in physics, one frequency can determine the speed at which a planet moves around a star, while the second frequency describes the distance oscillation between two celestial bodies. If two of the frequencies form an irrational fraction (that is, they are not commensurability), the trajectory is no longer closed and the limit cycle becomes a limit cycle. If there is an incommensurate frequency of Nt, this attractor is called Nt torus. For example, this 2-torus:

The time series corresponding to this attractor is a quasi-periodic series: the discrete sampling sum of periodic functions (not necessarily sine waves) with incommensurate frequencies. Such a time series does not have strict periodicity, but its power spectrum still contains only sharp lines.

strange attractor

Lorenz strange attractor’s graph, ρ = 28, σ = 10, β = 8/3.

If an attractor has a fractal structure, it is called singularity. This usually happens when its dynamic system conforms to chaos theory, but there are also strange non-chaotic attractors. If a strange attractor is chaotic and shows a sensitive dependence on initial conditions, then two randomly close alternative initial points on the attractor will point to any distant point after many iterations (limited by the attractor), and will point to any close point after other iterations. Therefore, the dynamic system with chaotic attractor is locally unstable but globally stable: once some sequences enter the attractor, nearby points will diverge, but will not leave.

The term "strange attractor" was put forward by David Ruelle and Floris Takens to describe attractors-a series of bifurcations arising from systems depicting fluids. Strange attractor is usually differentiable in several directions, but some attractors are similar to Cantor dust, so it is not differentiable. People can also find strange attractor under noisy conditions, which can be used to support the invariant random probability measure of Sinai-Ruelle-Bowen type.

The parameters of the dynamic equation change with the iteration of the equation, and the specific values may depend on the initial parameters. One example is the logic diagram which has been deeply studied. The diagram xn+1=rxn(1-xn) shows the attractive regions of various values of the parameter r. If r=2.6, all initial x values of x<0 will quickly make the function value become negative infinity; The initial x value of x>0 will become positive infinity. But for 0

Examples of strange attractor include double-scroll attractor, Hénon attractor, Rössler attractor and Lorenz attractor.

Evolution of Attractor Representation System

The domain of attraction of an attractor is a region of phase space, and iteration is defined on this region, so that any point (any initial condition) in this region will be iterated into the attractor asymptotically. For a stable linear system, every point in the phase space is in the domain of attraction. However, in nonlinear systems, some points may be directly or asymptotically mapped to infinity, while others may be located in different attractive domains and asymptotically mapped to different attractors. Other initial conditions may be located in or directly mapped to unattractive points or cycles.

Bifurcation diagram logic diagram. When all the attractors of the parameter "r" are displayed in the interval 03.6, the behavior becomes more and more complicated, with simple behavior areas (white stripes) interspersed in the middle.

The parameters of the dynamic equation change with the iteration of the equation, and the specific values may depend on the initial parameters. An example is the logic diagram, xn+1=rxn(1-xn), which has been deeply studied, and shows the attractive regions of various values of the parameter R. If r=2.6, all x values of x<0 will quickly make the function value become negative infinity; The initial x value of x>0 will become positive infinity. But for 0

The homogeneous univariate (univariate) linear difference equation xt=axt-1 diverges to infinity from all initial points |a|>1 except 0; There is no attractor, so there is no attraction domain. However, if |a|<1, all points on the number line graph gradually (or directly in the case of 0) tend to 0; 0 is an attractor, and the whole number line is an attraction domain.

Attraction domain

Similarly, for the linear matrix difference equation in the dynamic vector X, if the absolute value of the maximum eigenvalue of A is greater than 1, all elements Xt=AXt-1 in the dynamic vector X will diverge to infinity; There are no attractors and domains of attraction. However, if the maximum eigenvalue is less than 1, all initial vectors will asymptotically converge to the zero vector, that is, zero is the attractor; The whole n-dimensional space of the potential initial vector is the attraction domain.

The domain of attraction of an attractor is a region of phase space, and iteration is defined on this region, so that any point (any initial condition) in this region will be iterated into the attractor asymptotically. For a stable linear system, every point in the phase space is in the domain of attraction. However, in nonlinear systems, some points may be directly or asymptotically mapped to infinity, while others may be located in different attractive domains and asymptotically mapped to different attractors. Other initial conditions may be located in or directly mapped to unattractive points or cycles.

Similar characteristics also apply to linear differential equations. Scalar equation dx/dt=ax makes the initial values of all x except 0 diverge to infinity when a > 0, but converge to attractor when a < 0, making the whole number axis an attractive domain of 0. If one of the eigenvalues of matrix A is positive, the matrix system dX/dt=AX diverges from all initial points except zero vector; But if all eigenvalues are negative, then the zero vector is the domain of attraction, which is the attractor of the whole phase space.

Linear equation or system

If all the initial points except 0 | "a" > > 1, the univariate linear homogeneous equation xt=axt-1 (difference equation) diverges to infinity; There is no attractor, so there is no attraction domain. But if |a| < 1, all points on the number axis gradually (or directly map to 0 in the case of 0); 0 is an attractor, and the whole number axis is an attraction domain.

Compared with linear systems, nonlinear equations or systems have more diverse behaviors. An example is Newton iterative method for nonlinear expression roots. If the expression has multiple real roots, some starting points of the iterative algorithm will be asymptotically close to one of the roots, while others will get another root. The attraction domain of the expression root is usually not simple, and the points closest to a root are mapped there, thus forming an attraction zone composed of nearby points. The domain of attraction can be infinite in number and arbitrarily small in size. For example, for the function f(x)=x3-2×2-11x+12, the following initial conditions exist in the continuous attraction domain:

Similarly, for the linear matrix difference equation in the dynamic vector X (expressed in the homogeneous form Xt=AXt-1 in the square matrix A’), if the maximum eigenvalue of A is greater than 1 in absolute value, all elements of the dynamic vector will diverge to infinity; There is no attractor and no domain of attraction. However, if the maximum eigenvalue is less than 1, all initial vectors will asymptotically converge to the zero vector, that is, zero is the attractor; The entire n-dimensional space of the potential initial vector is the attraction domain.

Solving X51 = 0 by Newton method. Points in similar color areas are mapped to the same root; A darker color means that more iterations are needed to converge.

Similar characteristics also apply to linear differential equations. Scalar equation dx/dt=ax will cause all initial values of x (except 0) to diverge to infinity, and if "a" < 0, it will converge to an attractor with a value of 0, making the whole number line an attractive domain of 0. If any eigenvalue of matrix A is positive, dX/dt=AX of matrix system will diverge from all initial points except zero vector; But if all eigenvalues are negative, the zero vector is an attractor, and its attraction domain is the whole phase space.

Nonlinear equation or system

Compared with linear systems, nonlinear equations or systems can produce more behaviors. An example is Newton iterative method for nonlinear expression roots. If the expression has multiple real roots, some starting points of the iterative algorithm will be asymptotically close to one of the roots, while others will get another root. The attraction domain of the expression root is usually not simple, and the points closest to a root are mapped there, thus forming an attraction zone composed of nearby points. The domain of attraction can be infinite in value and can be arbitrarily small. For example, for the function f(x)=x3-2×2-11x+12, the following initial conditions are in the continuous attraction domain.

2.357527 converges to 4;

2.3584172 converges to-3;

2.35735 converges to 4;

2.356327 converges to-3;

2.36323 converges to 1.

Attraction domain in complex plane. Points in the same color area are mapped to the same root; Darker indicates that more iterations are needed to converge.

Newton method can also be applied to find the roots of complex variable functions. On the complex plane, each root has an attraction domain; These areas can be drawn as shown. It can be seen that the attraction domain combined for a specific root can have many unconnected areas. For many complex functions, the boundary of attraction domain is fractal.

For the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equation with periodic boundary conditions, if it has a global attractor, then this attractor will be finite.

Newton’s method can also be applied to complex analysis to find their roots. Each root has an attraction domain in the composite plane; As shown, these basins can be mapped. It can be seen that the combined attraction domain of a specific root can have many broken regions. For many complex functions, the boundary of attraction domain is fractal.

partial differential equation

Parabolic partial differential equations may have finite-dimensional attractors. In some cases, the diffusion part of the equation will suppress higher frequencies and trigger a global attractor. Ginzburg-Landau equations of Ginzburg-Landau equation, Kuramoto-Sivashinsky equations of K-S equation and forced Navier-Stokes equation of two dimensions all have finite-dimensional global attractors.

For the three-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equation with periodic boundary conditions, if it has a global attractor, the attractor will be finite.

Original title: "What is an attractor: from mathematical definition to iteration of dynamic equations"

Xinhua News Agency, Beijing, September 24th-Recently, the general offices of the General Office of the Central Committee of the CPC and the State Council issued the Implementation Plan for Deepening the Reform of the Science and Technology System, and issued a notice asking all localities and departments to conscientiously implement it in light of the actual situation.　

The main contents of the Implementation Plan for Deepening the Reform of the Science and Technology System are as follows.

Deepening the reform of science and technology system is an important content of comprehensively deepening the reform, and it is the fundamental requirement for implementing the innovation-driven development strategy and building an innovative country. Since the 18th National Congress of the Communist Party of China, especially the second, third and fourth plenary sessions of the 18th Central Committee, the central government has made comprehensive arrangements for the reform of the science and technology system and innovation-driven development, and introduced a series of major reform measures. In order to better implement the central government’s reform decision, form a systematic, comprehensive and sustainable reform deployment and work pattern, open up the channel of scientific and technological innovation and economic and social development, and maximize the great potential of science and technology as the first productive force and innovation as the first driving force, the following implementation plan is formulated.

I. Guiding ideology, basic principles and main objectives

(A) the guiding ideology

Hold high the great banner of Socialism with Chinese characteristics, fully implement the spirit of the 18th CPC National Congress and the 2nd, 3rd and 4th Plenary Sessions of the 18th CPC Central Committee, thoroughly study and implement the spirit of the series of important speeches by the Supreme Leader General Secretary, adhere to the road of independent innovation with China characteristics, focus on implementing the innovation-driven development strategy, and comprehensively deepen the reform of the science and technology system with the goal of building a national innovation system with China characteristics. Promote all-round innovation with scientific and technological innovation as the core, advance the modernization of scientific and technological governance system and governance capacity, promote the in-depth development of integration of defense and civilian technologies, create a market and social environment conducive to innovation-driven development, stimulate the enthusiasm and potential of mass entrepreneurship and innovation, actively adapt to and lead the new normal of economic development, accelerate the pace of building an innovative country, and lay an institutional foundation for realizing the fundamental transformation of development drivers.

(2) Basic principles

Stimulate innovation. Taking strengthening the ability of independent innovation and promoting the close integration of science and technology with economy as the fundamental purpose, we should drive innovation with reform, strengthen the docking of innovation achievements with industries, innovative projects with real productivity, and the docking of R&D personnel’s innovative labor with their interests and income, give full play to the market role, release the potential of scientific and technological innovation, and create a new engine for innovation-driven development.

Problem-oriented. Insist on cracking the institutional and institutional obstacles that restrict innovation-driven development, identify the breakthrough point, enhance pertinence, make decisive progress in important areas and key links, and improve the quality and efficiency of reform.

Overall propulsion. Adhere to the simultaneous efforts of scientific and technological system reform and economic and social reforms, inherit and develop, formulate landmark and driving reform measures and policies around the implementation of innovation-driven development strategy and the construction of national innovation system, do a good job in overall planning of progress, quality and landing, and enhance the systematicness, comprehensiveness and coordination of reform.

Open collaboration. Coordinate the central and local reform arrangements, strengthen the coordination of departmental reforms, pay attention to the matching of fiscal, taxation, finance, investment, industry, trade, consumption and other policies with science and technology policies, make full use of domestic and international resources, strengthen the connection and coordination of work, form a joint force of reform, and allocate innovative resources in a larger scope, at a higher level and more efficiently.

Implement the landing. Adhere to the goal and direction of scientific and technological system reform, coordinate current and long-term measures, grasp the rhythm, implement it step by step, and enhance the order of reform. Clarify the division of labor among departments, strengthen responsibility, pay attention to operability, assessment and supervision, and ensure that reform measures take root and form landmark results.

(III) Main objectives

By 2020, breakthroughs will be made in important areas and key links of the reform of the scientific and technological system, and a national innovation system with China characteristics will be basically established to meet the requirements of the innovation-driven development strategy and conform to the laws of the socialist market economy and the development of scientific and technological innovation, and it will enter the ranks of innovative countries. The ability of independent innovation has been significantly enhanced, the market-oriented mechanism of technological innovation has been improved, innovative subjects such as enterprises, scientific research institutes and universities are full of vitality and efficient cooperation, the integration of military and civilian science and technology has developed in depth, the flow of innovative elements such as talents, technology and capital has been smoother, the scientific and technological management system and mechanism have been improved, the allocation of innovative resources has been optimized, the enthusiasm and creativity of scientific and technological personnel have been fully stimulated, the atmosphere of mass entrepreneurship and innovation has become more intense, and the innovation efficiency has been significantly improved.

Second, establish a market-oriented mechanism for technological innovation

Enterprise is the main carrier of the close combination of technology and economy, and the key to solve the problem of the tight combination of technology and economy is to enhance the joint force of enterprise innovation ability and collaborative innovation. It is necessary to improve the market-oriented mechanism and government-guided mechanism of technological innovation, strengthen Industry-University-Research’s collaborative innovation, guide all kinds of innovative elements to gather in enterprises, promote enterprises to become the main body of technological innovation decision-making, R&D investment, scientific research organization and achievement transformation, turn innovation into real industrial activities, foster new growth points, and promote economic transformation and upgrading to improve quality and efficiency.

(A) the establishment of enterprise-led industrial technology innovation mechanism to stimulate the endogenous motivation of enterprise innovation.

1. Establish a high-level, normalized dialogue and consultation system for enterprise technological innovation, and give play to the important role of enterprises and entrepreneurs in national innovation decision-making. Absorb more enterprises to participate in the research and formulation of national technological innovation plans, plans, policies and standards, and industrial experts and entrepreneurs should account for a large proportion in the relevant expert advisory groups.

2. Science and technology projects with clear market orientation are led by enterprises, guided by the government, and implemented in conjunction with institutions of higher learning and research institutes. The government makes more use of post-financial subsidies and indirect investment to support enterprises to make independent decisions and invest first, and to carry out research and development of key common technologies, equipment and standards in major industries. To carry out the pilot subsidy after the national science and technology plan (special project, fund).

3. Carry out pilot projects for innovation and transformation of leading enterprises, and explore new mechanisms for the government to support enterprise technological innovation, management innovation and business model innovation.

4. Adhere to the direction of structural tax reduction, and gradually transform the state’s investment in enterprise technological innovation into inclusive fiscal and taxation policies.

5. Make overall plans to study the policy of adding and deducting enterprise income tax, improve the accounting method of enterprise R&D expenses, adjust the catalogue management method, and expand the application scope of the policy of adding and deducting R&D expenses.

6. Improve the performance evaluation system of technological innovation in state-owned enterprises, and increase the proportion of technological innovation in the performance evaluation of state-owned enterprises. Classify the R&D input and output of state-owned enterprises, and form an assessment mechanism that encourages innovation and tolerates failure. Improve the interim measures for the performance evaluation of the heads of central enterprises.

7. Establish and improve policies that support the procurement of innovative products and services in line with international rules, and increase the procurement of innovative products and services. Encourage the use of non-tendering procurement methods such as first purchase and ordering, and government procurement services to support them, and promote the research and development and large-scale application of innovative products.

8 study and improve the use of the first (set) of major technical equipment to encourage policies, improve the research and use of units in product innovation, value-added services and demonstration applications and other aspects of the incentive and restraint mechanism. Promote the insurance compensation mechanism for the first (set) of major technical equipment.

(B) to strengthen the construction of scientific and technological innovation service system, improve the way to support innovation of small and medium-sized enterprises.

9. Formulate the conditions and standards for small and medium-sized science and technology enterprises, and open up a convenient channel for implementing the innovation policy to support small and medium-sized enterprises.

10. Improve the innovation service system for small and medium-sized enterprises, accelerate the professional and market-oriented reform of institutions such as business incubation, intellectual property services and third-party inspection and certification, and build a socialized, professional and networked technological innovation service platform for small and medium-sized enterprises.

11. Revise the management measures for the identification of high-tech enterprises, focus on encouraging small and medium-sized enterprises to increase research and development, and incorporate core technologies related to cultural and scientific support and scientific and technological services into high-tech fields supported by the state.

12. Implement and improve relevant measures for government procurement to promote the innovation and development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and improve measures such as reserving procurement shares and evaluating preferential treatment for small and medium-sized enterprises in government procurement.

(3) Improve the collaborative innovation mechanism for Industry-University-Research and strengthen the organic connection between innovation chain and the industrial chain.

13. Encourage the construction of industrial technology innovation strategic alliance led by enterprises and cooperated by Industry-University-Research, formulate measures to promote the development of the alliance, and further optimize the layout of the alliance in key industries and key regions according to the principle of voluntariness and market mechanism. Strengthen the construction of pilot base and common technology research and development platform in Industry-University-Research.

14. Explore the new mode of enterprise-led, college collaboration, diversified investment, integration of defense and civilian technologies and achievement sharing in strategic areas, and integrate them to form a number of industrial innovation centers.

15. Formulate specific management measures, allowing qualified scientific researchers in institutions of higher learning and research institutes to carry out innovative work or start enterprises with scientific research projects and achievements and retain basic treatment with the approval of their units.

16. Carry out the pilot work of setting up mobile posts in universities and research institutes to attract part-time talents of enterprises, and allow universities and research institutes to set up a certain proportion of mobile posts to attract entrepreneurs with innovative practical experience and part-time talents of enterprises. In the pilot project, the working experience of enterprises is regarded as a necessary condition for new engineering teachers in colleges and universities.

17. Improve the salary and post management system of scientific research personnel, break the institutional and institutional obstacles of talent flow, and promote the rational flow of scientific research personnel between institutions and enterprises. We will speed up the reform of the social security system and improve the policy of transferring and continuing the social security relationship between institutions and enterprises.

Third, build a more efficient scientific research system

Scientific research institutes and institutions of higher learning are the main force of source innovation, and their original innovation and service to economic and social development must be greatly enhanced. Deepen the classification reform of scientific research institutes and the reform of scientific research system and mechanism in colleges and universities, build a governance structure that conforms to the law of innovation and has clear functional orientation, improve scientific research organization and operation management mechanism, strengthen classified management and performance appraisal, enhance knowledge creation and supply, and build a solid foundation of national innovation system.

(D) to speed up the classification reform of scientific research institutes, and establish and improve the system of modern scientific research institutes.

18 improve the corporate governance structure of scientific research institutes, promote scientific research institutions to formulate articles of association, explore the board system, and promote scientific research institutions to cancel administrative levels.

19. Formulate interim provisions on the management of leaders in scientific research institutions, and standardize the qualifications, selection and appointment, assessment, evaluation, encouragement, supervision and management of leaders. In conditional units, the appointment system shall be implemented for the director of the hospital (institute).

20 to promote the classification reform of public welfare research institutes, and implement the autonomy of scientific research institutions in staffing management, personnel employment, professional title evaluation, performance salary distribution and other aspects.

21. Adhere to the direction of enterprise transformation of technology development scientific research institutions. For the transformed scientific research institutions that undertake more common tasks in industries, an industrial technology research and development group can be established to conduct classified management and classified assessment of common technology research and market operation activities in industries. Promote the transformation of scientific research institutes focusing on production and business activities to deepen market-oriented reform, and actively develop mixed ownership by introducing social capital or listing as a whole. On the basis of clear positioning and standards, teams with strong basic ability in some transformed scientific research institutes will be guided to return to public welfare, participate in the construction of state key laboratories and support them to continue to undertake national tasks.　

22. Study and formulate evaluation methods for innovation performance of scientific research institutions, implement peer evaluation for basic and cutting-edge technology research, highlight the medium and long-term goal orientation, and shift the evaluation focus from the quantity of research results to the research quality, original value and actual contribution; Strengthen the evaluation of national goals and social responsibilities for public welfare research, regularly organize third-party evaluation of public welfare research institutions, take the evaluation results as an important basis for financial support, and guide the establishment of public welfare research institutions to rely on national resources to serve the industry innovation mechanism. Expand the pilot scope of performance funding for scientific research institutions, and gradually establish a financial support performance funding system for scientific research institutions.

23. Implement the initiative plan of China Academy of Sciences. Give full play to the advantages of integrating scientific research institutes, departments and educational institutions, and explore the national modern scientific research institute system with China characteristics.

(5) Improve the scientific research system of institutions of higher learning and build a number of world-class universities and first-class disciplines.

24. According to the management reform plan of the science and technology plan of the central finance, the "Innovation Ability Enhancement Plan of Colleges and Universities" (2011 Plan) will be implemented.

25. Formulate an overall plan, make overall plans to promote the construction of world-class universities and disciplines, improve the mechanism of specialty setting and dynamic adjustment, establish a discipline evaluation system with reference to international first-class disciplines of the same kind, expand exchanges and cooperation, and steadily promote the internationalization process of colleges and universities.

26. Start the reform of scientific research organization in colleges and universities, carry out the pilot project of setting up scientific research posts independently, and promote the reform of the employment system of researchers in colleges and universities.

(six) to promote the development of new R&D institutions and form a cross-regional and cross-industry R&D and service network.

27 to develop opinions to encourage the development of new socialized R&D institutions and explore non-profit operation mode.

28. Optimize the layout of national laboratories, key laboratories, engineering laboratories and engineering (technical) research centers, classify and integrate according to functional positioning, and build an open, shared and interactive innovation network. Formulate the national laboratory development plan, operation rules and management methods, and explore new governance structure and operation mechanism.

Fourth, reform the personnel training, evaluation and incentive mechanism

The innovation drive is essentially a talent drive. Reform and improve the talent development mechanism, increase the training of innovative talents, classify and evaluate scientific and technological personnel engaged in different innovative activities, formulate and implement incentive policies to encourage innovation and creation, encourage scientific researchers to continue research and long-term accumulation, and fully mobilize and stimulate people’s enthusiasm and creativity.

(7) Improve the training mode of innovative talents and strengthen the reserve force of scientific and technological innovative talents.

29 to carry out heuristic, inquiry, research-based teaching method reform pilot, carry forward the scientific spirit, and create an innovative culture that encourages innovation and tolerates failure. Reform the training mode of basic education, respect the development of personality, and strengthen the cultivation of hobbies and creative thinking.

30. Focusing on personnel training, we will focus on improving the quality of undergraduate education, speed up the transformation of some ordinary undergraduate colleges and universities to applied technology-oriented colleges and universities, carry out joint enrollment and training pilot projects between schools and enterprises, and expand the ways and means of cooperation between schools and enterprises in educating people.

31. Reform the postgraduate training mode by classification, explore a new mode of combining science and education with academic degree postgraduate training, expand the enrollment ratio of professional degree postgraduate students, enhance the integration of teaching and practice, establish a tutor responsibility system and a tutor project funding system led by scientific and engineering technology research, and implement the "double tutor system" for joint postgraduate training in Industry-University-Research.

32. Formulate implementation opinions on deepening the reform of innovation and entrepreneurship education in colleges and universities, and increase the training of innovative and entrepreneurial talents.

(eight) the implementation of scientific and technological personnel classification evaluation, the establishment of ability and contribution oriented evaluation and incentive mechanism.

33. Establish and improve the training, use, attraction and incentive mechanisms for all kinds of talents, and formulate opinions on deepening the reform of the system and mechanism for talent development.

34. Improve the way of talent evaluation, formulate guiding opinions on promoting the reform of talent evaluation mechanism by classification, and enhance the scientific nature of talent evaluation. Establish a classified evaluation system for personnel engaged in different activities such as basic and cutting-edge technology research, applied research and achievement transformation.

35. Improve the evaluation criteria and methods of professional titles of scientific and technological talents, formulate opinions on deepening the reform of professional title system, and promote the effective connection between the evaluation results of professional titles and the employment of scientific and technological talents.

36. Study and formulate policies and opinions on the income distribution incentive mechanism for high-level talents in public institutions, and improve the distribution incentive mechanism to encourage innovation and creation. Optimize the salary structure and ensure the reasonable salary level of scientific research personnel. Promote the implementation of performance pay in scientific research institutions, improve the internal distribution mechanism, and focus on key positions, business backbones and personnel who have made outstanding contributions.

(nine) deepen the reform of the science and technology award system, strengthen the honor of the award and the incentive to people.

37. Formulate a plan to deepen the reform of science and technology awards, gradually improve the recommendation and nomination system, and highlight the incentives for major scientific and technological contributions, outstanding innovation teams and young talents.

38. Improve the national science and technology awards and revise the regulations on national science and technology awards.

39. Guide and standardize social forces to set up awards and formulate guiding opinions on encouraging social forces to set up science and technology awards.

(ten) improve the academician system, improve the academician selection, management and withdrawal mechanism.

40. Improve the co-option mechanism for academicians, improve the way of recommending (nominating) academicians, and carry out the recommendation and selection of academicians in accordance with the new articles of association and relevant implementation measures.

41 formulate relevant measures to regulate the academic part-time job and treatment of academicians, and clarify the relevant standards and scope.

42. Formulate specific management measures to implement the withdrawal mechanism of academicians, and strengthen the exemplary role of academicians in the construction of scientific ethics.

Five, improve the mechanism to promote the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.

The transformation of scientific and technological achievements into real productive forces is the essential requirement of innovation-driven development. It is necessary to improve the system for the use, disposal and revenue management of scientific and technological achievements, increase the incentives for researchers to transform scientific research achievements, build a service support system, open up channels for the transformation of achievements, embody innovative value through the application of achievements, and create wealth through the transformation of achievements.

(eleven) to further promote the reform of the use, disposal and income management of scientific and technological achievements, and strengthen the incentive for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements.

43. Promote the revision of the Law on Promoting the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements and relevant policies and regulations. In scientific research institutes and institutions of higher learning established with financial funds, the income from the transfer of service invention achievements will be reasonably distributed among important contributors and subordinate units, and the proportion of important contributors and teams used to reward scientific research leaders, key technicians and so on can be increased from the current level of not less than 20% to not less than 50%.

44. In combination with the requirements of the reform of the classification of public institutions, the right to use, dispose of and benefit from scientific and technological achievements supported by financial funds, which are not related to national defense, national security, national interests and major social and public interests, will be delegated to eligible project undertakers as soon as possible. The competent department of the unit and the financial department will no longer approve or record the use and disposal of scientific and technological achievements in China, and all the income from the transfer and transformation of scientific and technological achievements will be returned to the unit, included in the unit budget, and unified management will be implemented, and the disposal income will not be turned over to the state treasury. Summarize the pilot experience and combine the revision process of the law on promoting the transformation of scientific and technological achievements to promote relevant policies nationwide as soon as possible.

45. Improve the service invention system, promote the revision of the patent law, company law and other related contents, improve the scientific and technological achievements, intellectual property ownership and benefit sharing mechanism, and increase the benefit ratio of key teams and major inventors. Improve the reward system and the dispute arbitration and legal relief system for service inventions.

46. Formulate measures to accelerate the implementation of equity and dividend incentive policies throughout the country, and relax the restrictions on the establishment period and profit level of enterprises with equity incentives and equity sales for enterprises in institutions such as colleges and universities and research institutes whose shares are priced by scientific and technological achievements. Establish an incentive system to promote the innovation of state-owned enterprises, and implement equity and dividend incentive policies for technicians who have made important contributions to innovation.

47. To implement the relevant policies of reward for the transformation of achievements of state-owned enterprises and institutions. The rewards of state-owned enterprises and institutions for the completion of service inventions, important contributors to the transformation of scientific and technological achievements and teams are included in the total wages of the unit in the current year, but not included in total wage base.

48. Improve the management of intangible assets in public institutions and explore the establishment of an assessment mechanism for the management of state-owned assets that adapts to the characteristics of intangible assets.

(12) Improve the technology transfer mechanism and accelerate the industrialization of scientific and technological achievements.

49. Strengthen the management of intellectual property rights in institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutes, improve the system of technology transfer, formulate specific measures, promote the establishment of specialized institutions and professional talent teams, and strengthen the rights and responsibilities of intellectual property application and operation. Gradually realize the separation of institutions of higher learning and research institutes from their subordinate companies. In principle, institutions of higher learning and research institutes will no longer start new enterprises, strengthen the external diffusion of scientific and technological achievements by means of licensing, and encourage technology transfer by means of transfer and pricing shares.

50. Establish and improve the annual statistics and reporting system for the transformation of scientific and technological achievements in institutions of higher learning and scientific research institutes. The scientific and technological achievements supported by financial funds, except those involving national defense, national security, national interests and major social and public interests, cannot be transformed within a reasonable period of time, and can be enforced by the state according to law.

51. Build a national technology trading market system, and on the premise of clarifying the regulatory responsibilities and rules, connect the existing regional technology trading platforms established according to law and standardized in operation with information networks, and formulate measures to promote the development of technology trading and related service industries.

52. Coordinate the research on the promotion of the pilot policy of individual income tax for scientific and technological personnel’s equity incentives implemented in the national independent innovation demonstration zone.

53. To study and formulate the policy of exemption from the transfer of state-owned shares formed by scientific research institutes and institutions of higher learning.

54. Promote the revision of the standardization law and strengthen the role of standardization in promoting the transformation and application of scientific and technological achievements.

55. Improve the interactive support mechanism between science and technology and standardization, formulate measures to improve the level of technical standards by science and technology and promote the transformation and application of technical achievements by technical standards, formulate guiding opinions on the development of group standards and good norms of standardization, encourage strategic alliances of industrial technological innovation and societies and associations to coordinate market participants to jointly formulate group standards, accelerate the marketization and industrialization of innovation achievements, and improve the internationalization level of standards.

Six, establish and improve the mechanism of combining science and technology with finance.　

Financial innovation plays an important role in promoting technological innovation. It is necessary to vigorously develop venture capital, establish a multi-level capital market to support innovation mechanism, build diversified financing channels, support the development of structural and complex financial products that meet the characteristics of innovation, improve the combination mechanism of science and technology and finance, and form a good situation in which various financial instruments cooperate to support innovation and development.

(thirteen) expand the scale of venture capital, increase support for innovative enterprises in the early, middle and early stages.

56. Expand the scale of the National Fund for Guiding the Transformation of Scientific and Technological Achievements, and attract outstanding venture capital management teams to jointly set up a number of sub-funds to carry out loan risk compensation.

57. Establish a national venture capital guidance fund for emerging industries to drive social capital to support the development of innovative enterprises in strategic emerging industries and high-tech industries in the early, middle and early stages.

58. Study the establishment of a national fund for the development of small and medium-sized enterprises, and keep the investment direction focused on small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises.

59. Study and formulate relevant laws and regulations on angel investment, encourage and standardize the development of angel investment, and issue provisional regulations on the management of private investment funds.

60. In accordance with the direction and requirements of the tax reform, we should make overall research on relevant tax support policies for investment in innovative activities such as seed stage and initial stage, including angel investment.

61. Study and expand the preferential tax policies to promote the development of venture capital enterprises, appropriately relax the conditions for venture capital enterprises to invest in high-tech enterprises, and expand the scope of venture capital enterprises enjoying the investment deduction policy to the legal person partners of limited partnership venture capital enterprises on a pilot basis.

62. Establish a state-owned capital venture capital fund system in combination with the reform of state-owned enterprises, and improve the incentive and restraint mechanism of state-owned venture capital institutions.

63. Improve the regulations on foreign-invested venture capital enterprises and guide overseas capital to invest in innovation fields.

64. To study the relevant policies for insurance funds to invest in venture capital funds, and formulate measures for insurance funds to set up private investment funds.

(14) Strengthen the capital market’s support for technological innovation and accelerate the development of innovative growth enterprises.

65. Give play to the role of the equity pledge financing mechanism of the Shanghai and Shenzhen Stock Exchanges, and support qualified innovative and entrepreneurial enterprises to issue corporate bonds.

66. Support qualified enterprises to issue project income bonds, and raise funds to increase investment in innovation.

67. Promote the revision of relevant laws and regulations and carry out pilot projects of intellectual property securitization.

68. Carry out equity crowdfunding pilot projects, and actively explore and standardize the development of Internet finance for service innovation.

69. Accelerate the reform of the Growth Enterprise Market, promote the reform of the stock issuance and registration system, improve the institutional arrangements suitable for the development of innovative and growth-oriented enterprises, expand the coverage of serving the real economy, strengthen the financing, mergers and acquisitions, trading and other functions of the national share transfer system for small and medium-sized enterprises, and standardize the development of regional equity markets serving small and micro enterprises. Strengthen the organic connection of capital markets at different levels.

(15) Broaden indirect financing channels for technological innovation and improve diversified financing system.

70. Establish a market-oriented risk compensation mechanism for intellectual property pledge financing, simplify the financing process of intellectual property pledge, encourage qualified areas to establish a reward and compensation mechanism and reinsurance system for science and technology insurance, accelerate the development of science and technology insurance, carry out pilot projects for patent insurance, and improve the service mechanism for patent insurance.

71. Improve relevant laws of commercial banks. Select qualified banking financial institutions, explore pilot ways to provide financing services combining equity and creditor’s rights for enterprise innovation activities, and realize investment and loan linkage with venture capital and equity investment institutions.

72. Under the guidance of relevant departments and regulatory agencies, policy banks will accelerate the innovation of financial products and services within their business scope and increase credit support for qualified enterprise innovation activities.

73. Steadily develop private banks, establish a corresponding regulatory system, and support financial product innovation for the innovation needs of small and medium-sized enterprises.

Seven, (omitted)

Eight, build a coordinated and innovative governance mechanism.

Deepening the reform of science and technology management is the fundamental way to improve the efficiency of the allocation and use of science and technology resources. It is necessary to accelerate the transformation of government functions, strengthen the overall coordination and effective connection of policies in science and technology, economy and society, reform the management of science and technology plan of the central government, improve the basic system of science and technology management, establish an innovation-driven performance appraisal mechanism, and promote the modernization of science and technology governance system and governance capacity.

(eighteen) improve the government’s overall coordination and decision-making consultation mechanism, and improve the scientific level of scientific and technological decision-making.

82. Establish a communication and coordination mechanism for departmental scientific and technological innovation, strengthen the overall coordination of innovation planning, task arrangement and project implementation, and optimize the allocation of scientific and technological resources.

83. Establish a national scientific and technological innovation decision-making consultation mechanism, give full play to the supporting role of scientific and technological circles and think tanks in innovation decision-making, set up a national scientific and technological innovation advisory committee, and regularly report international scientific and technological innovation trends to the CPC Central Committee and the State Council.

84. Establish and improve the national science and technology planning system. The national science and technology planning will further focus on strategic needs and focus on key areas where the market cannot effectively allocate resources. Further clarify the central and local scientific and technological management powers and functions, and establish a coordinated linkage mechanism with unified responsibilities and rights.

85. Establish a coordinated review mechanism for innovation policies, start the policy clean-up, abolish the policy clauses that violate the law of innovation and hinder the development of innovation, and review whether the newly formulated policies restrict innovation.

86. Establish an innovation policy investigation and evaluation system, regularly track and analyze the implementation of policies, and adjust and improve them in time.

(nineteen) to promote the management reform of the central government’s science and technology plan (special projects, funds, etc.) and rebuild the management system of science and technology plan.

87. Optimize and integrate existing science and technology plans (special projects, funds, etc.), reconstruct the layout of national science and technology plans according to five types of science and technology plans, such as the National Natural Science Foundation, major national science and technology projects, national key R&D plans, technical innovation guidance projects (funds), bases and talent projects, and implement classified management and classified support.

88. Build a unified national science and technology management platform, establish an inter-ministerial joint meeting system for the management of national science and technology plans (special projects, funds, etc.), set up a strategic consultation and comprehensive review committee, formulate rules of procedure, improve the operation mechanism, and strengthen overall coordination of major issues.

89. Establish the project management mechanism of professional institutions, formulate the reconstruction plan and management system of professional institutions, and gradually promote the marketization and socialization of professional institutions.

90. Establish a unified national science and technology plan supervision and evaluation mechanism, formulate general rules and standards for supervision and evaluation, strengthen the implementation of science and technology plans and supervision and inspection of funds, and carry out third-party evaluation.

(twenty) reform the management of scientific research projects and funds, and establish an efficient and standardized management system that conforms to the laws of scientific research.

91. Establish five types of science and technology plans (special projects, funds, etc.) management and fund management systems, formulate and revise relevant plan management methods and fund management methods, improve and standardize project management processes, and improve the efficiency of fund use.

92. Improve the overhead management system of scientific research projects.

93. Improve the system of official card settlement for scientific research project funds, improve the system of inspection and auditing of scientific research projects and funds, investigate and deal with violations of laws and regulations according to law, and improve the supervision mechanism for scientific research projects and funds.

94. Formulate guiding documents to strengthen basic research, strengthen top-level design and comprehensive policies in terms of scientific research layout, scientific research evaluation, policy environment and capital investment, and effectively increase support for basic research. We will improve the coordination mechanism between stable support and competitive support, increase the intensity of stable support, support research institutions to independently arrange scientific research projects, and expand academic autonomy and individual scientific research topic selection rights of universities and research institutes. Establish an inclusive and supportive system for "non-consensus" innovative projects in the field of basic research.

95. Improve the scientific research credit management system, and establish a step-by-step assessment accountability mechanism and a responsibility investigation system covering project decision-making, management and implementation.

(twenty-one) comprehensively promote the construction of the basic system of science and technology management, and promote the open sharing of scientific and technological resources.

96. Establish a unified national science and technology plan management information system and a central financial research project database, and implement the whole process trace management for science and technology plans.

97. Fully implement the national science and technology report system, establish a service mechanism for sharing scientific and technological reports, and take the submission and sharing of scientific and technological reports as the basis for the follow-up support of the project undertaker.

98. Comprehensively promote the construction of the national innovation investigation system, and issue monitoring and evaluation reports on innovation capabilities of countries, regions, high-tech zones and enterprises.

99. Establish a unified and open national network management platform for scientific research facilities and instruments, incorporate all qualified scientific research facilities and instruments into the platform management, and establish an open sharing system and operation subsidy mechanism for major national scientific research infrastructure and large scientific research instruments.

(twenty-two) improve the macroeconomic statistical index system and performance evaluation mechanism, and strengthen the innovation-driven orientation.

100. Improve and perfect the GDP accounting method to reflect the economic value of scientific and technological innovation. Study and establish an evaluation index of innovation-driven development that combines scientific and technological innovation, intellectual property rights and industrial development, and incorporate it into the national economic and social development plan.

101. Improve the performance evaluation methods of local party and government leading cadres, and include the effectiveness of innovation-driven development in the assessment scope.

Nine, promote the formation of deep integration of the open and innovative situation.

Plan and promote scientific and technological innovation with a global perspective. Adhere to the combination of bringing in and going abroad, carry out all-round, multi-level and high-level international scientific and technological cooperation and exchanges, carry out the "Thousand Talents Plan" and "Ten Thousand Talents Plan" in depth, increase the introduction of advanced technologies and overseas high-level talents, make full use of global innovation resources, promote the export of technologies and standards with more active strategies, and enhance the internationalization level of China’s scientific and technological innovation.

(twenty-three) the orderly opening of the national science and technology plan, improve the global influence of China’s science and technology.

102. Formulate measures for the administration of opening up the national science and technology plan, encourage foreign-funded R&D centers in China to participate in undertaking the national science and technology plan projects, carry out high value-added original R&D activities, and start foreign scientists to participate in undertaking the pilot projects of the national science and technology plan projects.

103. In the fields of basic research and research on major global issues, research and launch international large-scale scientific plans and projects, and actively participate in large-scale international scientific and technological cooperation plans. Attract internationally renowned scientific research institutions to China to jointly set up an international science and technology center. Encourage and support China scientists to work in international science and technology organizations.

(twenty-four) to implement a more active talent introduction policy and gather global innovative talents.　

104. Formulate opinions on the management of foreigners’ permanent residence, speed up the legislation on the management of foreigners’ permanent residence, standardize and relax the conditions for skilled talents to obtain foreigners’ permanent residence permits, explore the establishment of a skilled immigration system, and give China citizens the same treatment for foreign high-level talents holding foreigners’ permanent residence permits in establishing scientific and technological enterprises and other innovative activities.

105. We will speed up the formulation of regulations governing the work of foreigners in China, facilitate the work permit for qualified foreign talents, and provide visa and residence facilities for qualified foreign talents and their accompanying families. Cancel the age limit for foreign high-level scientific and technological innovation talents who meet certain conditions to work in China.

106. State-owned enterprises and institutions will carry out a pilot program of market-oriented remuneration in selecting and hiring international high-end talents, and increase incentives for high-end talents.

107. Focusing on the major needs of the country, we will introduce high-level scientific and technological innovation talents such as chief scientists to the world. Establish a visiting scholar system to attract overseas high-level talents to return to China to engage in innovative research.

108. Pilot global recruitment for non-confidential positions in institutions of higher learning and research institutes will be carried out to increase the proportion of global recruitment for directors of research institutes.

109. Gradually relax the foreign shareholding ratio and minimum registered capital requirements of foreign-invested talent intermediary service institutions. Encourage qualified domestic human resources service institutions to go out and cooperate with foreign human resources service institutions and set up branches abroad.

(twenty-five) encourage enterprises to establish an international innovation network, and enhance the ability of enterprises to use international innovation resources.

110. Further improve the innovation dialogue mechanism with major countries, actively attract enterprises to participate, and build communication and dialogue platforms for enterprises in R&D cooperation, technical standards, intellectual property rights and cross-border mergers and acquisitions.

111. Improve the comprehensive coordination mechanism, support domestic technologies, products, standards and brands to go global, and support enterprises to set up R&D centers overseas and participate in the formulation of international standards. Strengthen the evaluation of technical trade measures and risk early warning mechanism.

(twenty-six) to optimize the management system of overseas innovation investment and encourage the cross-border flow of innovation elements.

112. Study the establishment of overseas innovation investment funds initiated by key state-owned financial institutions, and foreign exchange reserves will participate in the establishment of funds through creditor’s rights, equity and other means, and actively absorb other funds to make more and better use of global innovation resources.

113. Formulate measures to encourage listed companies to invest in innovative projects overseas and reform the investment information disclosure system.

114. Formulate relevant regulations, and implement the supervision system that R&D units promise in advance and connect in parallel afterwards for foreign exchange payment required for international R&D cooperation projects.

115. Classified management shall be carried out for scientific researchers going abroad on business, and the limited batch management policy for temporary going abroad on business shall be relaxed.

116. Reform the inspection management, classify the equipment, samples and samples needed for R&D, and adopt key auditing, sampling inspection and exemption from inspection under the premise of ensuring safety, so as to improve the efficiency of auditing.

Ten, create a good ecological incentive innovation.

Actively create a fair, open and transparent market environment and promote mass entrepreneurship and innovation. Strengthen the protection of intellectual property rights, improve the access management and industrial access system of new technologies, new products and new business models, accelerate the reform of monopoly industries, establish a mechanism that mainly determines the price of factors by the market, form an industrial policy orientation that is conducive to transformation and upgrading, encourage innovation, and create a cultural and social atmosphere that dares to explore, encourages innovation, and tolerates failure.

(twenty-seven) the implementation of strict intellectual property protection system, encourage entrepreneurship and encourage innovation.

117. Improve laws related to intellectual property protection, study and reduce the threshold of criminal responsibility for infringement, adjust the standard of damages, and explore the implementation of punitive damages system. Improve the rights protection mechanism of obligees and reasonably divide the burden of proof of obligees.

118. Improve the legal system for the protection of trade secrets, clarify the definitions of trade secrets and torts, study and formulate relevant protection measures, and explore the establishment of a pre-litigation protection system.

119. Study the measures for the protection of intellectual property rights of new forms of innovations such as business models.

120. Improve the working mechanism of intellectual property trial, promote the "three-in-one" trial of intellectual property civil, administrative and criminal cases, actively play the role of intellectual property courts, explore the establishment of a cross-regional trial mechanism of intellectual property cases in different places, and break the local protection of infringement.

121. Improve the investigation mechanism of intellectual property rights infringement, strengthen the connection between administrative law enforcement and justice, strengthen comprehensive administrative law enforcement of intellectual property rights, and incorporate information on infringement into social credit records.

122. Establish an overseas IPR protection assistance mechanism, improve the construction of overseas IPR protection information platform of China IPR Protection Network and the directory of overseas IPR service agencies and experts.

(twenty-eight) to break the industry monopoly and market segmentation that restrict innovation, and create a market environment that encourages innovation.

123. Accelerate the reform of monopoly industries, liberalize the competitive business of natural monopoly industries, and establish a unified, transparent, orderly and standardized market environment that encourages innovation. Effectively strengthen anti-monopoly law enforcement, timely discover and stop monopolistic behaviors such as monopoly agreements and abuse of market dominance, and expand space for the innovation and development of small and medium-sized enterprises.

124. Break local protection, clean up and abolish local regulations and practices that hinder the national unified market, correct local governments’ improper subsidies or use administrative power to restrict and eliminate competition, and explore the implementation of a fair competition review system.

(twenty-nine) improve market access and supervision, and improve the industrial technology policy to liberalize the market and stimulate innovation.

125. Reform the market access system, formulate and implement the negative list of industrial access, and all kinds of market entities can enter the industries, fields and businesses that are not included in the negative list management on an equal footing according to law.

126. Remove unreasonable barriers to access that restrict the development of new technologies, new products and new business models. Establish a convenient and efficient supervision mode for innovative products such as drugs and medical devices, deepen the reform of the review and approval system, increase the review resources through various channels, optimize the process, shorten the cycle, and support the development of new organizational models such as commissioned production.

127. Formulate targeted access policies for new energy vehicles, wind power and photovoltaics.

128. Improve relevant management systems, improve supervision in the fields of Internet, finance, environmental protection, health care, culture and education, and support and encourage the development of new formats and new business models.

129. Reform the industrial supervision system, and change the pre-approval to the post-event supervision according to law.

130. Clarify and gradually improve the environmental, energy-saving, water-saving, land-saving, material-saving, quality and safety indicators and related standards for production links and market access, and form a unified, authoritative, open and transparent market access standard system. Improve the technical standard system and formulate and implement mandatory standards.

131. Strengthen the process supervision of the implementation of industrial technology policies and standards. Establish and improve the administrative law enforcement linkage mechanism of environmental protection, quality inspection, industry and commerce, safety supervision and other departments.

(30) Promote the factor price reform that is conducive to innovation and form an innovation reversal mechanism.

132. Using the mechanism that the market mainly determines the price of factors, enterprises are urged to change from relying on excessive consumption of resources and energy and low-performance and low-cost competition to relying on innovation and implementing differentiated competition.

133. Accelerate the reform of resource tax, and gradually expand the resource tax to occupy various natural ecological spaces.

134. Promote the change of environmental protection fees into taxes.

135. Improve the market-oriented industrial land price formation mechanism.

136. Improve the normal wage growth mechanism of enterprise employees, so as to adapt the changes in labor costs to the improvement of economic quality and efficiency.

(thirty-one) to cultivate innovative culture and form a social atmosphere to support innovation and entrepreneurship.

137. Develop various forms of innovation and entrepreneurship models such as crowd-creation, crowdfunding, crowdsourcing and virtual innovation and entrepreneurship communities, and study and formulate policies and measures to develop crowd-creation space to promote mass innovation and entrepreneurship.

138. Thoroughly implement the outline of the action plan for the scientific literacy of the whole people, strengthen the popularization of science, and promote the informatization construction of popular science, so as to realize that the proportion of Chinese citizens with basic scientific literacy will reach 10% by 2020.

139. Innovate scientific and technological propaganda methods, highlight the propaganda of major scientific and technological innovation projects, major scientific and technological activities, outstanding scientific and technological workers, and typical stories of innovation and entrepreneurship, and create a cultural atmosphere and value concept of advocating science and respecting innovation in the whole society.

XI. Promoting regional innovation reform

Following the law of high concentration of innovation regions, we highlighted classified guidance and system reform, selected several provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) to try out key reform measures first, made a number of major reform breakthroughs, copied and popularized a number of reform measures and major policies, and some localities took the lead in realizing innovation-driven development transformation, leading, demonstrating and driving the country to accelerate the realization of innovation-driven development.

(thirty-two) to create a regional innovation platform with innovation demonstration and leading role.

140. Following the law of high concentration of innovation regions, we will systematically carry out comprehensive innovation reform experiments in qualified provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government), authorize reform experiments in intellectual property rights, scientific research institutes, higher education, talent flow, international cooperation, financial innovation, incentive mechanism and market access, strive to make new breakthroughs in important fields and key links, sum up promotion experience in time, play a demonstration and leading role, and promote the in-depth implementation of the innovation-driven development strategy. A general plan for promoting comprehensive innovation and reform experiments in some regional systems was issued, and the reform experiments were started.

141. Further promote the pilot construction of innovative provinces and innovative cities.

142. In accordance with the construction principles and overall layout of the National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone, we will promote the construction of the National Independent Innovation Demonstration Zone, and strengthen the reform of institutional mechanisms and policies.

143. Formulate guiding opinions on innovation-driven development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei to support the coordinated development of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei.

Deepening the reform of science and technology system is a major reform related to the overall development of the country. It is necessary to strengthen leadership and carefully organize its implementation. The national leading group for scientific and technological system reform and innovation system construction should strengthen overall coordination and supervise implementation. All relevant departments and localities should attach great importance to it and conscientiously implement relevant tasks. Each lead unit should take overall responsibility for the lead task, formulate specific implementation plans with other participating units, clarify the responsible person, road map and timetable, speed up the implementation of various tasks, and ensure that the tasks are completed according to the progress requirements.

The short play goes to sea and conquers the "five rings outside" of the world.

"Look, this woman’s name is Xiaomei. After three years of marriage, when she was pregnant, she was once again pulled by love rat’s husband to give Bai Yueguang a blood transfusion, and then she was abandoned by her heart. This little fresh meat is called Xiao Shuai, who appeared beside Xiaomei when she was sad and started a fanatical pursuit; At this point, the ex-husband found Xiaomei’s identity as an invisible rich second generation and tried to save it … "

Familiar settings, familiar plot trends, familiar reversal in less than two minutes, familiar episode after episode makes people feel uncomfortable, but it has a completely unfamiliar "face"-the scenes are all in Europe and America, the actors are all white faces who speak pure English, and the audience watching the drama is mostly from the American market.

In recent months, this 55-episode short play "Never Divorce a Secret Billionaire Heiress" with each episode less than 2 minutes has exploded in the United States. There are also many short plays in North America, the themes of which include werewolves, vampires, and masochism of giants, but the core is very unified, and they are all love stories of "overbearing president falling in love with me".

Surprisingly, these seemingly authentic European and American short plays are actually driven by a China company. ReelShort, which publishes these short plays, is a short play App developed by Crazy Maple Studio, a Chinese online subsidiary of a domestic digital publishing company, mainly for the American market.

From left to right in the top row: the short play Never Divorce a Secret Billionaire Heir, Fate Destined My Taboo Alpha, After being killed by my husband, I was reborn and won the Super Ball Award, and how my boss became my husband.

With the popularity of these short dramas, ReelShort has been ranked wildly in app stores in many countries and regions since July this year. As of November 11th, ReelShort successfully ranked among the top three in the total list of App Store in the United States, Britain and Canada, and became a dark horse application that overshadowed TikTok for a while. According to the statistics of Appfigures, the data analysis platform, its download volume in the first 17 days of November has exceeded 1.9 million, and the cumulative download volume has exceeded 11 million.

ReelShort’s overseas gold-digging ability is also surprising. According to foreign media Techcrunch, on November 11th, its net income after deducting the payment of app store fees was USD 459,000, or about RMB 3.28 million. As of November 17th, the accumulated net income has exceeded USD 22 million, or about RMB 160 million.

This even boosted A-shares, giving birth to a group of popular "short drama concept stocks", and nearly 10 stocks such as Chinese Online, Palm Reading Technology, Shanghai Film and Yaowang Technology ushered in daily limit. As of the close of November 24, the market value of Chinese online has soared by 14.6 billion yuan this month.

ReelShort website home page.

The new cognition that "the whole world has always eaten this set of tyrants" has also made more people see the hope of copying the myth of "eight days to recharge and break through 100 million".

"At present, the overseas market is recharged at around $10 million a month." Liu Jinlong, head of overseas business of Kyushu Culture, told China Newsweek, "If we stand for 3-5 years, we can judge that the global short drama market can reach a market scale of more than 10 billion US dollars."

Since the second half of this year, China’s short plays are drifting to the other side of the ocean more violently. A number of domestic film and television production practitioners told China Newsweek that in recent days, many different types of players have been actively looking for doors to communicate the needs of building short dramas at sea. Including domestic small program drama distributors, long video platforms, film and television companies, web platforms, social platforms, game manufacturers, etc., all flocked; As far as the sea destination is concerned, the North American market is becoming a new battleground for military strategists, and Southeast Asia and the Middle East have also become hot spots for many players to try to develop.

This war, which was originally regarded as "the war outside the Fifth Ring Road", is accelerating to spread around the world.

When Long Aotian turned into Sebastian

"accident."

When it comes to the performance of Chinese-style tyrants’ short plays that exploded overseas, the first reactions of many film and television industry practitioners are basically the same.

After all, since its launch in August last year, ReelShort has tried to transport short plays with high domestic output and soaring recharge income to the sea. However, these short plays, which people can’t help charging money all the time in China, have always been cool, whether it’s the theme of "God of War+Husband-in-law" by men or "overlord+sadomasochism" by love women, have not aroused any splash after hanging English subtitles.

But ReelShort didn’t stop the short play from going to sea. According to Zhang Yi, CEO and chief analyst of Ai Media Consulting, at the end of last year, the ReelShort team headquartered in Silicon Valley began to try a more localized production method, adopting an overseas shooting team, enabling European and American actors, and combining the themes of werewolves and vampires that are more familiar to European and American audiences while retaining the core of China’s popular short plays, so as to create a more localized short play.

As a result, "Long Aotian began to turn into Sebastian and Jackson" and "Leng Bingning turned into Selena and Aliya" in the Chinese short play, and continued to complete the sweet and abusive two-way trip again and again in a more European and American setting.

The European and American-style "local flavor" short drama, which was packaged locally and lasted less than 2 minutes per episode, did attract more and more local users through the promotion on social media platforms such as TikTok and Facebook in the following six months.

Take ReelShort’s explosive short drama "Fated to My Forbidden Alpha" at the top of TikTok’s homepage as an example. The first 20 episodes of the drama released on TikTok have received more than 60 million broadcasts, and the maximum broadcast volume of a single episode exceeds 30 million; There are many praises in the comment area, such as "I want to watch more" and "I feel like watching Twilight", and many people are asking where I can watch the complete series.

Following the official guidance in the comment area, the audience who wanted to know how the female host became stronger after being abused at the beginning, how she would distinguish the right man and have a vigorous love affair with him naturally chose to download the App, and then began to unlock the remaining 59 episodes except the trailer and the first episode by watching advertisements or paying fees. Even after watching 20 episodes on TikTok, they can only unlock them from the second episode one by one. Judging from the details page of ReelShort, the play has been played more than 100 million times on the App.

After running through the mode, ReelShort launched more short plays around the four themes of "Love After Marriage", "Falling for the Alpha", "Sweet Revenge" and "Dating My Boss", and more explosions were born one after another.

With the birth of short dramas that exploded in the sea, the golden attraction of domestic short dramas began to appear in ReelShort App. As can be seen from some comments, overseas audiences are also spitting out the cliche of the plot, but at the same time they can’t help but spend money to unlock it-after all, just after watching the hostess, she got a slap in the face with a vicious female partner, so angry that she had to "continue to spend money to watch the drama" to solve her own confusion.

According to Appfigures data, ReelShort generates an average income of about $2 every time a user downloads it. Specifically, according to China Newsweek’s incomplete statistics, the single episode of its short plays is priced at 50-80 recharge coins, and the number of episodes is generally around 50-60. According to the recharge rules, it often costs nearly $20 or even more to catch up with a play, and the price of Binet.Alfred Flying Standard Edition members is even higher at $15.49 per month.

Above: The short play "Dangerous Contract: Let Me Go, Mr. CEO" was launched in Malaysia. Figure/Shanghai Fanku Media

Bottom left and bottom right: The shooting scene of an overseas short play produced by China Company. Figure/Kyushu culture

By July of this year, ReelShort ushered in its first peak with this set of play. According to the data of the analysis platform SensorTower, in July this year, the total downloads of ReelShort on GooglePlay and App Store reached 1.9 million times, and the monthly flow reached 6 million dollars-which means that the average daily paid income can reach 1.4 million yuan.

Although it can’t be compared with the domestic full-platform paid short play with an average daily recharge consumption of 60 million yuan, the rise of ReelShort at this stage has made many practitioners "suddenly wake up"-it turns out that it is not that the bully has no overseas appeal, but needs to change his skin. "The psychological needs of audiences in different countries are similar. If you want to go to sea successfully, you need to be more connected with Europe and the United States." Niu Jing, a producer of a film and television company in Beijing, told China Newsweek.

In the final analysis, being able to dream a dream that can’t be realized in reality with a sense of substitution is becoming more and more universal for the global audience. Nowadays, in addition to the "overbearing president’s global take-all", the theme preference of short plays at sea in different regions has been revealed. For example, European and American audiences prefer dramatic and high visual impact works such as werewolves and vampires, while the Middle East likes cool dramas, while Southeast Asia prefers sweet pets and sadomasochism.

In Zhang Yi’s view, the essence of short plays is to meet people’s spiritual and cultural needs, but only to meet people’s immediate and fragmented entertainment needs in a low-cost way, which has the ability to cross social status, class and country. At the same time, with the increase of work pressure, this demand is generally more and more obvious.

It is precisely because of this that Chinese-style short plays have exploded overseas, which coincides with the view that the short video "works can resonate and it will naturally become popular" mentioned by TikTok CEO Zhou Zi in an exclusive interview with the founder of TED not long ago.

However, in the European and American domestic markets, the content and form of short plays were blank. And blank means opportunity.

The short play went to sea at the right time.

The wind of the short play going out to sea is not blown out of thin air. Many interviewees believe that nowadays, China’s short plays have many basic conditions for going to sea.

On the one hand, although it has not been born for a long time, the domestic short play market has gradually matured. "After many Internet companies have developed to a certain stage in China, they will naturally copy this business model overseas quickly." Liu Jinlong told China Newsweek.

Since the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television added a "network mini-short drama" section to the filing system at the end of 2020, the domestic short drama market has entered a period of rapid development, the industrial chain and its industrialized and streamlined collaborative production mode have been relatively mature, and the business model has also been verified by the market. This is also the origin of the short drama becoming the myth of "shooting in one week, exceeding 100 million in eight days".

The domestic short play market is also growing with the trend of breaking bamboo. According to the consulting report of Ai Media, in 2023, the market size of China miniseries is expected to reach 37.39 billion yuan, up 267.65% year on year. Zhang Yi believes that under the background that the spiritual life pursued by people is basically the same, short plays can make sense in the domestic market with a population of 1.4 billion, and they can also make sense globally. Moreover, even if overseas players have corresponding layouts, domestic short drama related practitioners have more advantages in cost efficiency.

"Short plays really need a lot of manpower, time and energy to do, and the China team is really much more competitive in this respect." Chen Xiufeng, co-founder and chief producer of Shanghai Fanku Culture Media Co., Ltd. also said.

On the other hand, short plays are essentially short video products of online novels. Previously, China’s online writing successfully went to sea, and in the long years of the past 20 years, it cultivated a large number of overseas audiences’ preferences for online novels such as Ba Zong, Sadism, Fantasy, Xiu Zhen and Xian Xia, which laid an audience foundation for short plays and provided a rich and market-proven IP source reserve for short plays. Since then, TikTok has continuously expanded its territory, allowing the world to open the short video era one after another, providing a more direct infrastructure for the promotion and transformation of short plays.

The shooting scene of the short play Revenge After Diverce: The Secret Heiress. Figure/Kyushu culture

Since the beginning of this year, the "volume" of the domestic short drama market has accelerated the pace of short drama practitioners going to sea. "Before the writers, actors, directors and other creative teams didn’t work, the quotations were very low. Now there are more projects, and everyone’s quotations are also rising." Yan Xiufeng introduced. At the same time, the audience’s demand for short plays is getting higher and higher, which also makes the production cost of short plays in China keep rising. "In the male frequency category, the cost of many short plays with a collective volume of 100% has reached the level of one million yuan, and the cost of female costume dramas has also risen to 600,000 ~ 800,000 yuan, and the cost of modern dramas is at least about 400,000 yuan."

A staff member of a small drama distributor, who asked not to be named, said that coupled with the rising cost of streaming (that is, advertising), platforms such as Tik Tok and WeChat also began to charge channel fees, and the profit margin left for short drama enterprises was becoming smaller and smaller.

Li Tao, the producer of the explosive short play "Wushuang" which set a record for the top-up of short plays this year, and the founder of Xi ‘an Fenghang Company, once calculated an account for the media: "Small programs and short plays rely heavily on investment expenditure, which is calculated according to the industry average ROI (return on investment) standard of 1.2. Assuming that the investment is 100 million yuan, its profit will not exceed 20 million yuan, including manpower and shooting costs. After deduction, the net profit is about several million yuan, and then it is divided by the upstream and downstream participants such as the small program platform and the contractor. "

At the same time, with the continuous upgrading of the supervision and governance of the industry by the State Administration of Radio, Film and Television, domestic short plays also need to embark on the road of quality and innovation, and the barbaric growth in the past will no longer exist, and the choice of themes will be greatly restricted.

Under all kinds of anxiety, facing the blue ocean market, the upsurge of short plays going to sea has now surged.

When she visited Hengdian in October this year, Niu Jing found that Hengdian was building a real-life shed of European and American style. A staff member of Shanghai European and American studios also introduced that its European and American shed was welcoming more short drama crews with foreign actors. It can also be observed from social media platforms such as Little Red Book that a number of overseas Chinese shooting teams in the United States, Britain and other western countries have opened accounts to show their shooting cases, looking forward to cooperating with domestic platforms for short drama projects.

A number of domestic film and television production practitioners told China Newsweek that in the past six months, there have been several platforms to select topics and scripts for short dramas going to sea, and companies are invited to shoot and produce them, and the basic themes are all related to women’s love. A short drama producer in the United States posted on social media that he had been communicating with Party A’s platform every day for half a year, and the shooting schedule was always full, without a day off.

"Some platforms are slowly on track, some may just be doing apps, and some will be online soon." After talking with a number of platforms about cooperation in the sea, Yan Xiufeng concluded, "It is certain that there will be more and more platforms going out to sea, and everyone’s enthusiasm is very high."

Outside the short drama platform, more and more different types of players are joining the short drama to the sea. According to Liu Jinlong, at present, companies in different fields, including iQiyi, Youku, Tencent Video, Lemon Film, Huace Film, and even Alipay, all have short drama-related actions, or are developing overseas short drama apps or contacting overseas teams to prepare for shooting.

According to the incomplete statistics of China Newsweek, since the beginning of this year, several domestic-made short drama apps have been launched overseas, such as GoodShort, MoboReels, the social platform of Chizi City, 99TV and ShortTV, the domestic small drama platforms of Kyushu Culture.

Rebuilding localization assembly line

At present, most short drama platforms going out to sea are taking the North American market as the main position to go out to sea.

On the one hand, the themes that domestic short plays are good at have been recognized by North American users, and there is much room for them from the perspective of content; On the other hand, "many platforms have been tested in small batches and found that the payment effect in the US market will be better". During the communication with the platform, Chen Xiufeng learned that the success of ReelShort can also be used as a verification.

This logic is not difficult to understand. "Under the same investment, team size and cycle, the input-output ratio in the North American market will be higher, and short plays similar to American dramas are the product of globalization, which can be distributed to any part of the world and cover global users." Liu Jinlong explained, "At the same time, for this group of people who go to sea, of course, we also hope that our content and model can occupy a place in a cultural and capital highland with Netflix and Disney."

Of course, this does not mean that there are no opportunities for gold diggers outside the North American market. Southeast Asia, which is closer to China’s culture, and the Middle East, where users have higher incomes, especially the latter, are also becoming hot spots for domestic players.

The shooting scene of an overseas short play produced by China Company. Figure/Kyushu culture

According to Liu Jinlong, countries in the Middle East have higher incomes, while women who are in a weak position in social rights are more eager to be cured in the content of love, so domestic female frequency content is also generally welcomed by users in this region, and the competition is not as fierce as that in North America and Southeast Asia; Although the paid income in Southeast Asia is limited, the input cost is relatively low, and cultural similarity may also attract higher traffic, which will be realized through traffic.

For different markets, short plays have derived different models. Take Kyushu culture as an example, its ShortTV, which is mainly oriented to the English market, has two main sources of short plays: First, the theme and domestic short plays suitable for the European and American markets are translated and re-dubbed, and then put on the platform. "It may have been felt that it would be difficult for China’s film and television dramas to enter the European and American markets, but in fact, our (translated) short plays have already got very good payment data." Liu Jinlong said.

The second category is that after purchasing the appropriate novel IP for the European and American markets, our own and cooperative scriptwriters will adapt the short play script, and after the script is finalized, we will contact local teams in overseas countries such as the United States, Europe, Australia and Malaysia to shoot and produce it. This is also the more mainstream way for short play platforms facing the European and American markets, such as ReelShort and GoodShort.

In addition, there is another kind specially designed for Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan and overseas Chinese. Kyushu culture is mainly aimed at the short plays of global Chinese in Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan, Southeast Asia and other regions, App 99TV basically puts domestic short plays and traditional Chinese characters on the line directly behind the scenes.

Niu Jing is about to start three short drama projects at sea, using the way of shooting in domestic European and American style studios and looking for foreign actors to shoot in China. Although this method is not as strong as overseas shooting in localization, it is better than translating short plays; The production cost is higher and the cycle is longer than that of the translated short play, but it is more controllable than that of overseas shooting.

Liu Jinlong introduced that at present, the production cost of ShortTV’s overseas short plays started at 150,000 US dollars. According to Xiaguang News Agency, the production budget of a short play in ReelShort can reach $200,000. In Niu Jing’s calculation, the cost of his short drama about to start shooting in Shanghai is about $120,000.

In addition to the above three methods, some AI technology suppliers are also entering the short play sea track, providing short play platforms and producers with AI capabilities such as script development, short play face changing-replacing Asian faces with European and American faces, intelligent dubbing and dynamic mouth adaptation. "We are now working with several technical teams to integrate the application of AI in film and television, trying to see if we can directly adjust some short plays we already have and move them overseas, so that the efficiency will be higher and the cost will be saved a lot." Yan Xiufeng said.

Like domestic short plays, short plays at sea are mainly promoted by streaming, the only difference is that the delivery platform is switched to Facebook, TikTok, Google search, YouTube and so on. "At present, the cost of obtaining customers overseas for the whole industry is about US$ 5, which is lower than the cost of a domestic paying user of 100~200 yuan." Liu Jinlong told China Newsweek.

In terms of business model, the short drama App currently going out to sea generally relies on two major revenues: payment and advertising. The proportion of the two is quite different in different countries and regions.

According to Liu Jinlong, in countries such as the United States where users have strong ability to pay, the short drama episodes on the ShortTV platform are generally priced at around $0.3; In the Philippines, Indonesia and other Southeast Asian countries, considering the local income level, the single episode pricing has dropped to about $0.1, and more activities to watch the advertisement unlock have been promoted, thus "allowing more users with weak payment ability to brush more dramas".

In addition to these two mainstream business models, GoodShort also tried the subscription system, and public information shows that its membership fee ranges from 99.99 US dollars to 399.99 US dollars.

Can you copy the "myth of getting rich"

As the form of short plays is accepted by overseas audiences, the affordability of different regions has been verified. Does it mean that the "rich myth" of domestic short plays can be replicated overseas?

As far as this initial stage is concerned, there are still many challenges in front of players who are actively going out to sea.

From the perspective of content supply, the form of overseas local short drama shooting is constantly raising the production cost and cycle. On the one hand, it is a problem how to calibrate the script of the short play at sea more locally as the source. According to Liu Jinlong, at present, Kyushu Culture has re-recruited a batch of screenwriters for the overseas projects, basically all of whom are required to have a background of studying abroad, be familiar with European and American markets and have strong scriptwriting skills, or be high-quality editors in the process of going to sea. After the initial adaptation of the IP of overseas novels, these editors need to polish the cultural differences, colloquialism and other details of the script together with the directors and screenwriters of overseas production teams, which takes two or three months at present.

In the shooting process, whether shooting overseas or in China, "the unit price of foreign actors will be much higher, and foreign actors can generally only accept 8-12 hours of work a day. Previously, domestic short drama crews were shooting for about 15 or 16 hours a day." Yan Xiufeng introduced.

"Overseas market users attach great importance to the light and shadow effect, so we all adopt the film production team in the short drama project, and strive to approach the picture quality of European and American film and television dramas." Niu Jing also mentioned that at present, the production cost of this form of short drama at sea is more than three times that of domestic short drama, and the shooting cycle takes 10~15 days, while the domestic short drama with a collective volume of 100 is generally completed in about one week.

All the above problems will directly affect the frequency and sustainability of content supply on the platform. According to public information, at present, ReelShort updates two short plays about a month, and there are only more than 20 short plays in the whole platform; ShortTV currently updates 3~5 overseas short plays every month, and currently updates 10 short plays. According to De Tawen’s Micro-Short Plays Market Report for the First Half of 2023, there were 481 new short plays in China in the first half of 2023, and the number of short plays going out to sea at this stage was much less.

Under the condition of low update frequency, it may not be so easy for short drama players to go to sea frequently and create more explosive short dramas in the face of changing user needs. Whether this will affect the long-term payment performance of customers and overseas users, and whether the platform can greatly improve the content supply capacity as the production mode and market of short plays at sea become more and more mature, all kinds of challenges are imminent.

What directly affects the liquidity is that it still takes time to test the efficiency of the short play at sea.

Different from the domestic link that can directly jump to the paid viewing of small drama from TikTok platform, there is no ecological base for small drama in overseas markets. At present, after publishing advertising materials on social media platforms such as Facebook and Tiktok, short drama platforms need to guide users to jump to the App store to download the App, and then enter the app to register and pay for viewing after logging in. The intermediate link is longer, which will lead to more traffic loss.

At present, although the cost of getting customers overseas is lower than that in China, according to Liu Jinlong, domestic short plays can be directly reflected in the top-up income on the same day. However, if you make an independent App overseas, you can’t directly see the income feedback brought by the investment on the same day. "It may take one week, two weeks or even one month for an overseas drama to sell at the box office." However, from the perspective of ROI (Return on Investment), this will inevitably mean higher requirements for users’ ability to pay continuously. Together, these two are the hidden worries on the road of realizing short plays in the sea.

In addition to the liquidity, problems such as the difference in the degree of copyright protection at home and abroad, the difference in the convenience of payment, etc. are also problems that all short-play players have to face and overcome one by one. At the same time, players, including small drama platforms and social platforms, have to face the competition situation in which upstream IP accumulates more abundant online platforms and kills them with a higher posture.

Can short plays go to sea become a new and good business to make money? Standing in the moment, no one can answer this question. As Chen Xiufeng said, "Everything about the short play at sea has just started, and it is still in the exploratory stage". The only certainty is that people who have entered, are entering and are about to enter the game believe in the vast space for short plays to go to sea.

Published in China Newsweek magazine, No.1119, December 4, 2023.

Magazine title: "Ba Zong" short play goes to sea.

journalist: Shi Hanxu

　　After the overall decline of major macroeconomic indicators in July, the policy of steady growth has been intensively implemented, and whether the economic data in August can be improved has become the focus of market attention.

　　The National Bureau of Statistics will release the macroeconomic data for August on September 15th. According to institutional analysis, various support policies have been intensively implemented recently, and unfavorable factors such as high temperature and rainy weather have gradually subsided, and the economy has shown a recovery trend. The production process has improved moderately, consumption has accelerated under the impetus of summer demand release, and infrastructure investment has made great efforts, but the overall investment is still dragged down by the sluggish real estate investment.

　　Judging from the published financial and import and export data, RMB loans increased by 1.36 trillion yuan in August, an increase of more than 1 trillion yuan over July, indicating that market confidence and expectations have accelerated; The scale of social financing increased by 3.12 trillion yuan, 631.6 billion yuan more than the same period of last year, and the financial support for the real economy continued to increase. In addition, in August, the year-on-year decline of imports and exports narrowed significantly, and the chain rebounded significantly, showing signs of improvement in foreign trade.

　　The latest issue of CBN Chief Economist Confidence Index released by CBN Research Institute is 50.69, which has been rising for two consecutive months and consistently higher than 50 threshold. Economists believe that China’s economy will continue to recover.

　　Kang Yong, chief economist of KPMG China, said in the chief investigation of CBN that after the meeting of the Political Bureau in July, the government quickly launched a series of economic support policies, such as 28 measures to promote the development of the private economy, raising the special tax deduction standard, reducing the down payment ratio of real estate, lowering the interest rate of existing mortgage loans, implementing the policy of "recognizing houses but not loans" and halving the stamp duty on securities transactions. The intensive introduction of these policies reflects the government’s determination and confidence in steady growth, which will help China’s economy to stabilize and accelerate its recovery in the fourth quarter.

　　Industrial production or moderate improvement

　　Economists who participated in the chief survey of CBN predicted that the average growth rate of industrial added value in August was 4.03%, higher than the published data of 3.7% last month.

　　Judging from the leading indicators, the manufacturing PMI released by the National Bureau of Statistics in August was 49.7%, up 0.4 percentage points from last month. Due to the steady increase in market demand, the impact of extreme weather has subsided, the willingness of enterprises to produce has been strengthened, and production growth has accelerated. In August, the production index was 51.9%, up 1.7 percentage points from the previous month, and the increase was obvious.

　　Zhang Liqun, a special analyst of China Federation of Logistics and Purchasing, believes that the PMI index of manufacturing industry continued to pick up slightly in August, and most sub-indicators improved, indicating that the economic recovery momentum continued to accumulate and the economy began to show signs of recovery. The expected index of production and business activities continues to improve, showing that the confidence of enterprises has increased. At the same time, it should be noted that the proportion of enterprises reflecting insufficient market demand is still above 59%, and the constraints of demand contraction on enterprise production activities are still very prominent.

　　Lu Zhengwei, chief economist of Industrial Bank, analyzed that the operating rates of major industrial products were mixed in August, crude steel output rebounded to the highest level in the same period since 2019, and the operating rates of semi-steel tires and PTA upstream and downstream remained in a high range. However, considering that the daily consumption of coal in eight coastal provinces declined in August compared with the same period of last year, it still faces certain challenges with the downstream real estate sales, and the industrial added value is the same as the same period of last year.

　　Lu Ting, chief China economist of Nomura, holds a different view. He believes that the year-on-year growth rate of industrial added value will fall back to 3.6% in August due to the slight increase in the base and the continuous weak chain. Some high-frequency data can also prove that industrial activities are sluggish. For example, in August, the steel bar output of major steel mills and the average daily coal consumption of power plants in eight southern provinces increased by 2.4% and 0.7% respectively, which was 11.6 and 6.4 percentage points lower than that in July.

　　Consumption is expected to accelerate.

　　Economists who participated in the chief survey of CBN predicted that the average year-on-year growth rate of total retail sales of consumer goods in August was 3.95%, up from the published value of 2.5% last month. With the influence of extreme weather fading, and the pulling effect of summer on service consumption is still obvious, domestic consumption is expected to improve marginally.

　　Wen Bin, chief economist of Minsheng Bank, analyzed that from the perspective of major commodities, the business activity index of transportation, accommodation, catering, culture, sports and entertainment related to residents’ consumption has been in a high prosperity range of more than 55.0% for two consecutive months, and the total business volume has continued to grow rapidly. However, in August, the transaction volume of commercial housing decreased year-on-year and month-on-month, the overall market was still cold, and real estate-related consumption continued to weaken.

　　Lu Ting said that despite the slightly higher base, the zero social growth rate will accelerate to 4.0% in August. The growth of commodity consumption is still sluggish, but the previously suppressed demand continued to be strongly released in the first summer after the epidemic, driving the growth rate of catering service consumption to rise by 4.1 percentage points to 19.9%. In addition, the sales of passenger cars maintained a good growth in August.

　　Cars are the bulk of consumption, accounting for about one-tenth of the total retail sales of consumer goods. According to the latest data released by the Federation, the retail sales of passenger cars reached 1.92 million in August, up 2.5% year-on-year and 8.6% quarter-on-quarter. In August, the retail sales of the automobile market reached the highest level in the same period in history.

　　Cui Dongshu, Secretary-General of the Association, said that despite the disturbance of extreme weather such as typhoon, rainstorm and high temperature in August, the summer travel fever remained high, and the consumption of the automobile market increased well. There are frequent policy guidelines for the automobile industry at the national level, aiming at further stabilizing and expanding automobile consumption. The Ministry of Commerce has promoted the "100-city Linkage" Automobile Festival and the "Thousands of Counties and Towns" new energy automobile consumption season, and various promotional activities such as auto shows and the issuance of coupons have a good effect on boosting consumer confidence.

　　The growth rate of manufacturing investment may accelerate

　　Economists who participated in the chief survey of CBN predicted that the average growth rate of fixed assets investment in August was 3.49%, slightly higher than the published value of 3.4% last month.

　　According to the report released by the National Economic Research Center of Peking University, despite the release of liquidity and the promotion of long-term favorable investment by domestic policies, domestic real estate investment has been under pressure recently, and the superimposed external environment is tightening, and the effective demand is insufficient. It is estimated that the investment in fixed assets will increase by 3.2% year-on-year from January to August, which is 0.2 percentage points lower than that from January to July.

　　Wen Bin predicted that the growth rate of fixed asset investment would rebound from 3.4% to around 3.9% from January to August. He believes that in terms of infrastructure investment, as the high temperature and rainy weather gradually subsided, the production activities of the construction industry accelerated in August, and the business activity index of the construction industry increased by 2.6 percentage points from the previous month to 53.8%. From the high frequency index, the operating rate of petroleum asphalt plant in August was 9.2 percentage points higher than that of the previous month, and the cement delivery rate and mill operation rate have been rising for two consecutive weeks since mid-August. In August, the net financing scale of local government special bonds and urban investment bonds was 892.8 billion yuan, an increase of 555.1 billion yuan from the previous month, which will also effectively incite project investment.

　　In terms of manufacturing investment, Wen Bin said that in August, the production and operation activities in the manufacturing PMI are expected to rebound from 55.1% to 55.6%, and the BCI enterprise investment foresight index will rebound from 52.7% to 54.7%, and manufacturing enterprises are expected to improve. From January to July, the year-on-year decline in the total profit of manufacturing enterprises narrowed to -18.4%, the capacity utilization rate and PPI rebounded, and the destocking speed of enterprises slowed down significantly, which will help accelerate the growth rate of manufacturing investment.

　　In terms of real estate development investment, high-frequency data show that the average daily transaction area of commercial housing in 30 large and medium-sized cities decreased by 22.8% year-on-year, narrowing from -27% last month. The land transaction area of 100 large and medium-sized cities decreased by 40.3% year-on-year, narrowing from -42.5% last month. Xu Dongshi, chief macro analyst of china galaxy Securities, said that the growth rate of real estate development investment declined deeper than expected in the third quarter, and real estate policy optimization measures have been introduced. It is expected that the decline in real estate development investment will be narrowed in the fourth quarter.

1905 movie network news The director, screenwriter,, starring,,, specially starring,,,, starring,,,, Song Jiateng specially invited to star in the family comedy film, and released the "one family clown" version of the preview and the "designated funny" version of the poster. The film "Exchange of Life" is the re-cooperation between director Su Lun and Lei Jiayin, and it is also Zhang Xiaofei’s return to the Spring Festival file after its excellent reputation, which makes people look forward to it.

A few days ago, the "one family clown" version of the preview made people laugh. On the 6th, Lei Jiayin, Zhang Xiaofei and Youhao Zhang experienced an unexpected journey of "change". Lei Jiayin and Youhao Zhang changed their backs, and Cao Tongrui, a good brother, plotted to "make things". Before changing back, they not only had to spend all their money, but also ruined their date with the goddess Zhang Xiaofei, so as not to let her fall in love with her "uncle shell". In the preview, Lei Jiayin tried his best to dance wildly in Leidian, Zhang Xiaofei, which was very funny. Cao Tongrui also brought "big bosses" from all fields to Lei Jiayin, and a group of comedy stars made a surprise appearance and made a group laugh for the New Year. Facing the Lei Jiayin behind him, Cao Tongrui, a good brother, spits out, "It’s so ugly that you become this uncle", and Lei Jiayin’s aggrieved appearance makes people laugh.

With the trailer of the movie, a poster of "Designated Funny" was released. Lei Jiayin stood alone, with a childish smile on his face. He pointed his finger at the big family composed of Zhang Xiaofei, Youhao Zhang, Sha Yi, Liu Mintao, Ding Jiali, Yanshu Wu and Yang En. For this happy family, Lei Jiayin’s eyes also revealed a trace of envy. Everyone stood in front of the rice noodle restaurant with smiles on their faces, full of festive atmosphere of celebrating the New Year. The movie "Exchange of Life" tells the story of Lei Jiayin and Zhang Xiaofei who accidentally exchanged bodies with Youhao Zhang, a teenager who has a crush on Zhang Xiaofei, and accidentally exchanged family members, which unexpectedly opened a "strange exchange" journey full of joy.

On the 6 th, she changed to Lei Jiayin "reverse love" Zhang Xiaofei

"My mom" Zhang Xiaofei lived to be "what mom expected"

In the preview, Lei Jiayin, who changed behind him, listened to the advice of his good brother Cao Tongrui, and carefully arranged a series of "juvenile dating", such as super-large cups of milk tea, playing in the game hall, singing songs at KTV, etc., which enthusiastically made Zhang Xiaofei a little overwhelmed. However, the thought of only six days’ change of body, Lei Jiayin, the "young soul", had to start the "reverse pursuit of love" and tried her best to screw up the date. Finally, when taking a greasy selfie with lobster, she ran away from Zhang Xiaofei, who couldn’t bear to look straight. A series of self-destructive image operations make people laugh. In the preview, the great white goose, which strives to attract Zhang Xiaofei’s attention, is also particularly noticeable, which makes people wonder what kind of interesting story happened between Jin Hao and this great white goose in the movie.

In Zhang Xiaofei of KTV, she confided with emotion, "For so many years, life has become what my mother expected". Unexpectedly, when she met Lei Jiayin with magical brain circuits, a compliment of "Is aunt so good?" broke the heart-wandering atmosphere, and Zhang Xiaofei had to reply perfunctorily, "Drink yours", which was very funny. Earlier, the phrase "My daughter, I just want her to be healthy and happy" by "my mother" Zhang Xiaofei in Hi, Mom hit many audiences. In the exchange of life, "my mother" Li Huanying became "daughter" Jin Hao, which makes people look forward to what the funny goddess Zhang Xiaofei in the movie looks like and how she will try to become "what her mother expects".

Youhao Zhang teenagers become uncles and shock the whole family.

Yun-peng Yue was killed by Zhang Xiaofei’s eyes, and the car chaser eventually became a taxi driver

Youhao Zhang plays the role of Xiao Gu, who lives happily in the alley with his father Sha Yi, his mother Liu Mintao, his grandmother Yanshu Wu and his sister Yang Enyou. The picture of the family getting together for dinner is very warm. Youhao Zhang, who "picked up a strange thing" in the preview, changed from a teenager to an uncle overnight, and his brand-new face stunned the whole family. This is also the first time that Youhao Zhang has challenged the "uncle-feeling teenager", which makes people curious. What unexpected stories will happen between Youhao Zhang with "uncle-feeling" and the Xiaogu family?

Previously, the release of Yun-peng Yue as a taxi driver in the preview triggered many netizens’ expectations, and they couldn’t help thinking of Yun-peng Yue’s classic car chase scene. Some netizens even quipped, "PINKRAY , who was chasing a car, finally got in the car, so he drove very slowly because he was caught in the rain", which was particularly funny. In this notice, Yun-peng Yue, as a taxi driver, gave an output to Zhang Xiaofei, who was angry with Lei Jiayin, and kept recommending the excellent service in the car, but was killed by Zhang Xiaofei’s eyes. In hindsight, Yun-peng Yue had to beat around the bush, "See you are not very happy, let’s go", and he would look at his face, but he would not get much, which made people laugh.

Yang Di lost to homophonic terrier Xu Zhisheng and reappeared "comma bangs"

The national happy lineup gathered in a group to laugh for the New Year.

In the preview, Lei Jiayin took his mobile phone and invited him to take a photo. The waiter Yang Di straightened the bow tie on his shirt and took the initiative to gather together. In the face of Lei Jiayin’s request for "shrimp", Yang Di will misunderstand and immediately roll his eyes. As a result, "this shrimp" is not "blind". Lei Jiayin originally wanted to take a photo with the 3,881 big lobster behind Yang Di, so Yang Di had to give way to the lobster. Unexpectedly, Yang Di, whose mouth is the stalk, will one day be defeated by the homophonic stalk, which is very funny.

"Sir, do you want to buy a house?" The familiar accent is matched with the comma bangs of "returning to the Jianghu". As soon as Xu Zhisheng, who plays the real estate salesman in the trailer, makes people laugh, and also makes people look forward to what interesting interactions he and Lei Jiayin will have in the movie. In addition, in the movie "Exchange of Life", there are many national-level happy lineups such as Sha Yi, Liu Mintao, Yu Ailei, Ding Jiali, Yanshu Wu, Yang Enyou, Cao Tongrui, Song Jiateng, etc., who want to laugh at first sight, interpret the comedy story of family happiness, and organize a group to accompany you to laugh for the New Year, which makes people look forward to it.

The film Exchange of Life is directed and written by Su Lun, starring Lei Jiayin, Zhang Xiaofei and Youhao Zhang, featuring Sha Yi, Liu Mintao and Yu Ailei, starring Ding Jiali, Yanshu Wu, Yang Enyou and Cao Tongrui, and starring Yue Yunpeng, Yang Di, Xu Zhisheng and Song Jiateng. The film will be released nationwide on the first day of the New Year’s Day in 2023.